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共同注意力第二阶段的练习
我把如何训练提高共同注意力第二阶段的操作程序贴在下面。很抱歉,实在没有时间和精力去翻译,欢迎哪位大侠拔刀相助。对此感兴趣的朋友可进一步查阅英文文献:Whalen,C.& Schreibman,L.2003. "Joint attention training for children with autism using behaviour modification procedures".Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,44(3):450-68.
Oy 和 niuniu妈:我给你们发了email,请查收。
The second phase of training focused on initiations. Mastery criterion were 30% for coordinated gaze shifting and 15% for protodeclarative pointing. During training, the participants were required to make an initiation toward the therapist within ten seconds of each given opportunity. An ‘opportunity’ was defined as every ten seconds that the child was engaged with an object. A full physical prompt (e.g., taking the child’s finger and making it point) with a verbal prompt (e.g., telling the child ‘point’) was provided at the start of training each behavior. Prompts were faded in the following order: 1) Full physical + verbal prompt; 2) Partial physical + verbal prompt; 3) Gestural + verbal prompt; 4) Verbal prompt only; and 5) No prompt. Similar to response training, the child was prompted after 2 incorrect responses (i.e., no response). Initiation training consisted of training the following behaviors:
1. Coordinated gaze shifting:
Whenever a child was playing with a toy, it was considered to be a coordinated gaze shifting opportunity. While engaged, the children with autism were required to shift their gaze from their toy to the experimenter with the purpose of sharing the object with the experimenter within ten seconds of obtaining the toy in order for the response to be considered correct. After two incorrect responses, the children were prompted in order to gain access to the reinforcer. Physical prompts were implemented by holding the child’s hands on the object and moving their head in the direction of the experimenter until eye contact was established. The word ‘show’ was used as a verbal prompt and gestural prompts were administered by the experimenter pointing at their eyes while the child was playing to establish a gaze shift. Prompts were faded until the child could spontaneously shift gaze between the experimenter and the object.
2. Protodeclarative pointing:
During this phase, each session was altered to continually present a novel environment and thus provide more pointing opportunities. Each session presented new pictures on the walls and new toys (e.g., picture books) in order to provide the child with more pointing opportunities. At the beginning of each session, the child was required to point to a picture on the wall with the purpose of sharing with the experimenter. If the child did not point within ten seconds, they were prompted to do so. Physical prompts were implemented by taking the child’s finger and pointing it toward the object in which they were engaged or to another object in the room. Gestural prompts were used by pointing and having the child imitate. The verbal prompt ‘point’ was used until the child demonstrated the ability to point spontaneously without prompting. Once the child pointed, they were allowed to keep playing with toys (i.e., the toy was not removed from the child). |
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