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re:先把niuniuma感兴趣的一些原文贴出...
先把niuniuma感兴趣的一些原文贴出来。niuniuma可能不太喜欢“剧本”式的训练方式,就参考一下吧。不过,我本人在瑞士也参加过一些communication的课程。事实上,凡与交流沟通技巧相关的所有训练根本不可能做到完全的随心所欲,不留“剧本”痕迹。眼神如何,表情如何,语气如何,手势怎样做,如何应付别人的问答。。。即使是针对普通成年人的社交训练也是一样的方式,并且也要经常有意识的“泛化”到日常的生活中去。
SOCIAL PLAY
In preparation for the peer sessions, appropriate play skills should be identified and taught in 1:1 discrete trial sessions. When your child has learned a few play skills begin the peer interaction with brief sessions. For example, arrange for the peer to come over for 30 minutes. The first couple of sessions should be aimed at making the experience highly reinforcing for both your child and the peer. This may mean no formal teaching until both children are hooked on the experience through such fun activities as baking chocolate chip cookies, making Kool-Aid, playing with a freat toy, and swimming in the pool. In particular, the peer should leave eagerly looking forward to the next visit.
These play dates provide the perfect opportunity to identify which play and social skills that your child must learn in formal therapy. Not only will you be able to identify your child's deficits but the peer's play, social and language skills will become the standard. Therapy should focus on developing the most critical skills so that further social dates will be productive and enjoyable.
Once the peer seems to be enjoying coming over to your house and your child has learned some of the necessary prerequisite skills, it will be time to start attempting to sneak in teaching. The teaching occurs during approximately three "trials" lasting no more than three minutes each. During each "trial" you do a different activity. Select activities that are interactive and enjoyable for both of the children. These "trials" should be invisible to the children. In particular, the peer should not be able to tell that you are doing "therapy." The adult's role should be as informal as possible. Do not overly structure the activity, but have in mind a script that you can fall back on if the play stalls or goes in a wrong direction. The script is really a guideline for the teacher to follow if prompting is necessary.
Each activity should be one that your child is already familiar with from previous training. For each activity you should develop specific goals for behaviors you want to occur. Examples include language to use, eye contact, turn taking, where to be, and what to do. Naturally, teachers should understand age appropriate language and behavior so that they can facilitate and promote interactions that will help the autistic child fit into the play of other children his age. Sometimes we adults view play with an adult eye and therefore create adult play behavior.
Be sure to reinforce the peer for cooperative behavior. If necessary, prompt the peer as subtly as possible to ask questions and give directives to your child. Make sure your child responds to the peer. Do not let the peer do things for your child. If your child takes a toy from the peer, facilitate giving it back. If the peer asks the adult a question instead of the child, have the peer ask the child. The adult should not become the focus of the peer's interactions. The goal is to be as unobtrusive as possible. Do not intervene or interact unless absolutely necessary!!!
Be flexible with the time guidelines. You may need to adjust them very quickly. Spontaneous behavior should always take precedence over the script. Never interrupt something positive that is happening. Do not be too quick to give derectives or prompts so that there is ample opportunity for spontaneous behavior to occur.
Gradually lengthen the duration of the trials and the length of the overall play session. As both children become more familiar with the routine, you can introduce the concept of taking turns choosing an activity. It does not have to be an activity that both find highly enjoyable. Additionally, you should arrange play sessions with other peers so that your child learns to accommodate to the play styles of different children. In the beginning you should stick with one-on-one play dates. Later on you can organize play dates with two or more peers at the same time. Be aware that the interpersonal dynamics are much more complex in groups of three or more and this will present new challenges for your child.
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