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re:为什么FC使用者需要身体辅助，有一种说法...
为什么FC使用者需要身体辅助，有一种说法是很多自闭症患者伴有dyspraxia (运用障碍) 或 developmental dyspraxia （发育性运用障碍），身体辅助在某种程度上补偿了这一功能缺陷。
楼上游手好闲的几位，有没有愿意帮忙翻译的？干活儿的奖励百搭八筒。
Dyspraxia in children
Although dyspraxia may be diagnosed at any stage of life, increasing numbers of children are identified as having the condition.
Early recognition of dyspraxia will enable early intervention and practical steps to help your child to achieve their potential. Children whose dyspraxia is identified at an early stage are less likely to have problems with acceptance by their peers and with lowered self-esteem.
When children become teenagers their problems may change as social and organisational difficulties become more pressing.
The Dyspraxia Foundation can help and support you and your child through its services and publications.
Symptoms
By 3 years old
Symptoms are evident from an early age. Babies are usually irritable from birth and may exhibit significant feeding problems.
They are slow to achieve expected developmental milestones. For example, by the age of eight months they still may not sit independently.
Many children with dyspraxia fail to go through the crawling stages, preferring to ‘bottom shuffle’ and then walk. They usually avoid tasks which require good manual dexterity.
By 3 to 5 years old
Children with dyspraxia may demonstrate some of these types of behaviour:
• Very high levels of motor activity, including feet swinging and tapping when seated, hand-clapping or twisting. Unable to stay still
• High levels of excitability, with a loud/shrill voice
• May be easily distressed and prone to temper tantrums
• May constantly bump into objects and fall over
• Hands flap when running
• Difficulty with pedalling a tricycle or similar toy
• Lack of any sense of danger (jumping from heights etc)
• Continued messy eating. May prefer to eat with their fingers, frequently spill drinks
• Avoidance of constructional toys, such as jigsaws or building blocks
• Poor fine motor skills. Difficulty in holding a pencil or using scissors. Drawings may appear immature
• Lack of imaginative play. May show little interest in ‘dressing up’ or in playing appropriately in a home corner or wendy house
• Limited creative play
• Isolation within the peer group. Rejected by peers, children may prefer adult company
• Laterality (left- or right-handedness) still not established
• Persistent language difficulties
• Sensitive to sensory stimulation, including high levels of noise, tactile defensiveness, wearing new clothes
• Limited response to verbal instruction. May be slow to respond and have problems with comprehension
• Limited concentration. Tasks are often left unfinished.
Pre-school children
If dyspraxia is not identified, problems can persist and affect the child’s life at school. Increasing frustration and lowering of self-esteem can result.
By 7 years old
Problems may include:
• Difficulties in adapting to a structured school routine
• Difficulties in Physical Education lessons
• Slow at dressing. Unable to tie shoe laces
• Barely legible handwriting
• Immature drawing and copying skills
• Limited concentration and poor listening skills
• Literal use of language
• Inability to remember more than two or three instructions at once
• Slow completion of class work
• Continued high levels of motor activity
• Hand flapping or clapping when excited
• Tendency to become easily distressed and emotional
• Problems with co-ordinating a knife and fork
• Inability to form relationships with other children
• Sleeping difficulties, including wakefulness at night and nightmares
• Reporting of physical symptoms, such as migraine, headaches, feeling sick
Primary education
By 8 to 9 years old
Children with dyspraxia may have become disaffected with the education system. Handwriting is often a particular difficulty. By the time they reach secondary education their attendance record is often poor.
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发表于 2011-1-17 22:04:57
发表于 2011-1-19 04:35:53