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re:今天带儿子去超市买菜,妈妈,奶奶挑东西,...
今天带儿子去超市买菜,妈妈,奶奶挑东西,鑫鑫在一边推车。突然,听见两个推车撞的声音,转头一看,鑫鑫在对一个阿姨说:“Sorry".阿姨很高兴,夸他懂礼貌。原来,阿姨推车没有看见鑫鑫,和我们的车轻轻的撞了,鑫鑫反而先表示对不起,妈妈把他好好的夸了一通。
鑫鑫的语言,学区认为是Pragmatic Language落后,也就是与人交往时,无法使用正确的社交语言。例如:”Could you help me? please","Thank you“等的使用是其中之一。而这只能在社会交往中教。
Pragmatics involve three major communication skills:
* Using language for different purposes, such as
o greeting (e.g., hello, goodbye)
o informing (e.g., I'm going to get a cookie)
o demanding (e.g., Give me a cookie)
o promising (e.g., I'm going to get you a cookie)
o requesting (e.g., I would like a cookie, please)
* Changing language according to the needs of a listener or situation, such as
o talking differently to a baby than to an adult
o giving background information to an unfamiliar listener
o speaking differently in a classroom than on a playground
* Following rules for conversations and storytelling, such as
o taking turns in conversation
o introducing topics of conversation
o staying on topic
o rephrasing when misunderstood
o how to use verbal and noverbal signals
o how close to stand to someone when speaking
o how to use facial expressions and eye contact
These rules may vary across cultures and within cultures. It is important to understand the rules of your communication partner.
An individual with pragmatic problems may:
* say inappropriate or unrelated things during conversations
* tell stories in a disorganized way
* have little variety in language use
Signs & symptoms of social/pragmatic language disorders:
* Excessive questioning.
* Lack of eye contact.
* Aggressive language.
* Excessive talk about specific subjects in too much detail.
* Only talking about him/herself.
* Uninterested in other children.
* Unable to engage in conversational exchange.
* Literal/concrete understanding of language.
* Unable to answer open-ended questions such as “what happened?”
* Difficulty with abstract language:
Verbal problem solving: why, when, how do you know?
Double meanings
Innuendos
Jokes
* Unable to take the listener’s perspective.
* Unable to read/interpret body language, facial expressions.
* Unable to express feelings. |
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