从 GMOM的 自 留 地 里 搬 过 来 ：
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Pragmatic Language落后，也就是与人交往时，无法使用正确的社交语言。例如：”Could you help me? please","Thank you“等的使用是其中之一。而这只能在社会交往中教。
Pragmatics involve three major communication skills:
* Using language for different purposes, such as
o greeting (e.g., hello, goodbye)
o informing (e.g., I'm going to get a cookie)
o demanding (e.g., Give me a cookie)
o promising (e.g., I'm going to get you a cookie)
o requesting (e.g., I would like a cookie, please)
* Changing language according to the needs of a listener or situation, such as
o talking differently to a baby than to an adult
o giving background information to an unfamiliar listener
o speaking differently in a classroom than on a playground
* Following rules for conversations and storytelling, such as
o taking turns in conversation
o introducing topics of conversation
o staying on topic
o rephrasing when misunderstood
o how to use verbal and noverbal signals
o how close to stand to someone when speaking
o how to use facial expressions and eye contact
These rules may vary across cultures and within cultures. It is important to understand the rules of your communication partner.
An individual with pragmatic problems may:
* say inappropriate or unrelated things during conversations
* tell stories in a disorganized way
* have little variety in language use
Signs & symptoms of social/pragmatic language disorders:
* Excessive questioning.
* Lack of eye contact.
* Aggressive language.
* Excessive talk about specific subjects in too much detail.
* Only talking about him/herself.
* Uninterested in other children.
* Unable to engage in conversational exchange.
* Literal/concrete understanding of language.
* Unable to answer open-ended questions such as “what happened?”
* Difficulty with abstract language:
Verbal problem solving: why, when, how do you know?
Double meanings
Innuendos
Jokes
* Unable to take the listener’s perspective.
* Unable to read/interpret body language, facial expressions.
* Unable to express feelings.
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ABA需要几年？
我一直在想： ABA要教会什么技能？要多少年？我找到了CARD的Simple Treatment Calendar,并以此来衡量xx的ABA进度，以及需要的时间。
Year 1:
Service: 40 hours of 1:1 in-home behavioral intervention
Skills: Simple Compliance; Self-help(eating, dressing, toilet training,grooming); motor imitation;development of request and labeling language; following simple requests, and basic toy play
Year 2:
Services; 5-10 hours preschool/ABA shadow, 30-35 hours 1:1 in-home behavioral intervention
Skills: Social skill development;complex skills including imaginary play; describing and complex language; emotion recognition; and basic cause & effect, with emphasis on generalization
Year 3:
Services: 15 hours general education/kindergarten with ABA shadow 20 hours of 1:1 in-home behavioral intervention
Skills: Increase independence at school; developing peer relationships; Abstract skill as reasoning; senses; observational learning; social skills
Year 4:
Services: 30 hours general education/first grade 10-15 hours of 1:1 in-home behavioral intervention
Skills: Social skills; academic achievement; pragmatics; theory of mind; perspective taking; understanding abstract cause & effect relationships; comprehending social cues
Teaching basic skills in the first years and advanced skills in the final years.
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