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七,何时何地进行训练
1,在最初阶段,要在同一个房间同一张桌子上做训练。当一项技能掌握后,再转移到其他的环境中去,这个过程要逐步实现,避免突然的转换。例如,可以先到走廊,确定无误后再到另外一个房间。如果老师能够做到逐步的转换,孩子在泛化方面的错误就会少很多。
2,当训练的老师要换人的时候,要保证至少两周的时间进行交接,以使孩子在适应新老师的同时也接受老老师的推出。
3,不要假设在孩子接受密集的训练之前,把他放在正常的环境里,就会学习新的行为。没有任何数据证明,把自闭的孩子与正常孩子放在一起,会帮助孩子的发展。例如,很多自闭的孩子有兄弟姐妹,但是他们的成长并没有比那些没有兄弟姐妹的孩子更好。
4,有数据表明,如果把轻微程度的孩子放在程度严重的孩子们在一起,会导致他程度的退化。
5,不要期望孩子接受每周少于40小时一对一的训练,就能够达到乐观的水平。到目前为止,还没有长期有效的数据支持每周20小时,甚至30小时的训练,能够达到足够的训练强度。[译者注:最新的研究表明,每周20小时的ABA训练是最低要求]
6,如果孩子一天有6个小时的训练,要争取把困难的任务安排在上午,例如仿说训练(verbal limitation),因为一般地说,上午的效率会比下午好。下午的日程可以安排一些时间做玩耍活动,艺术类活动,还有生活自理训练。下午的时间也可用于复习已经掌握的技能,可以在不同的场合尝试泛化训练。
Where and when to teach
* In the early stages of learning, teach the student in one room and at one table.Once a particular task is mastered, the skill may be transferred to other settings.
* Be aware that generalisation training occurs when new people join the teaching team.When a teacher must leave, provide at least a 2-week interval in which the experienced and new teachers work together side by side in an apprenticeship fashion and then take turns teaching.
* DO not assume that a student, without extensive preparation, will learn new behaviours by being placed in a mainstreamed class. We are not familiar with any data indicating that merely exposing a student with autism to typical peers helps the student's development.
* Be aware that data show that placing a student with mild developmental delays in the company of individuals with severe developmental delays may cause the student to regress.
* Do not expect the student to make optimal progress with less than 40 hours treatment per week.
* If the student is taught 6 hours per day on a daily basis, reserve most of the difficult tasks, such as verbal imitation, for the morning sessions than in the afternoon. |
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