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re:Tomatis and Berard...
Tomatis and Berard (the latter is more common in the United States). In both approaches, music is input through earphones with selected frequencies filtered out. Although improved sound modulation is one goal of treatment, other behaviors, including attention, arousal, language, and social skills, are also hypothesized to be enhanced. In children with learning disabilities given the Tomatis approach to therapy, no positive gains were noted in comparison with a placebo approach (Kershner et al., 1990). In a pilot study of the Berard auditory integration therapy method, children with autism demonstrated fewer auditory problems and aberrant behaviors than children who received no treatment, and there was no evidence of a reduction in sound sensitivity after treatment (Rimland and Edelson, 1995).
More recent studies noted no differences in responses to auditory integration therapy in children with autism or controls (Best and Miln, 1997; Gillberg et al., 1997). One study noted significant but equal amounts of improvement on all measures for children with autism and for a control group who listened to music (Bettison, 1996). In that study, treatment effects were not related to auditory integration therapy but may have been related to general auditory desensitization or simply to placebo effects. A recent review noted that for children treated with auditory integration therapy, objective electrophysiologic measures failed to demonstrate differences in hearing sensitivity between children with autism and controls, thereby questioning the overall premise of auditory integration therapy (Gravel, 1994).
A variation of auditory training programs applied to autism includes acoustic intervention: by using human voice instead of music, in theory, the stimulation alternatively challenges and relaxes the middle ear muscles to improve speech perception (Porges, 1998). Although acoustic intervention is currently undergoing some scientific experiments in children with autism, no empirical data are available to support this approach.
In summary, auditory integration therapy has received more balanced investigation than has any other sensory approach to intervention, but in general studies have not supported either its theoretical basis or the specificity of its effectiveness.
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发表于 2008-6-4 13:16:15
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