征求翻译:"家长能不能打孩子屁股?"

karenhyj

大家好！初次来到这里，看到这么多有责任心的家长和有爱心的社会人士在关注着这个事业，真的为之感动！
我是一名普通的在校大学生，很想为这些孩子做些什么。看了很多binfeng2000的帖子，很受益。翻到这里看到要翻译，于是就用了几个小时翻译了一片,时间有限，还请多多指教。
希望能对大家有所帮助。这也是我的首贴奥：）
这个论坛是小雅老师介绍的，也是一名忠于此事业的有爱心的teacher：）谢谢！
最后，愿爱播撒人间！Love actually:)


(关于家庭规矩的培养)

Introducing Discipline
The whats, whens, and hows of disciplining your young child.
By Pamela Stock
Introduction
Discipline, undeniably one of the most important elements of parenting, is also among the most misunderstood, difficult, and anxiety provoking. Jane Nelsen, author of Positive Discipline: The First Three Years (Prima Publishing, 1998), points out that often parents are afraid of being too permissive and they're afraid of being too tough.
介绍
规矩，毋庸置疑是家庭教育中最重要的元素之一，但他同时又是极易被误解，做起来相当困难并使人焦躁忧虑的问题。《积极的训诫:前三年》（Prima出版，1998）的作者Jane Nelsen指出，父母们经常会害怕过于放纵孩子或对孩子过于严厉。
Discipline is complicated, especially with babies younger than 2 who don't communicate very well. And it's important to remember that discipline is not a synonym for punishment, Nelsen points out. Discipline is less about playing the tough cop and more about playing the kindly teacher. Here's an approximate time line for introducing routines, rules, and general good behavior.
定规矩是非常复杂的，特别是对于那些还不能很好的交流的未满2周岁孩子。Nelsen指出，定规矩不是惩罚的同义词，他扮演的角色更多的是慈爱的老师而不是凶恶的警察。下面是一个大体的用于介绍，引入常规，惯例，和大体的好的行为的时间表。
First Year of Life
0 to 4 months: Pamper your infant
With babies younger than four months, it's important to respond quickly and consistently. This ensures that they stay healthy -- promptly changing wet diapers, for instance, reduces the likelihood of diaper rash. Consistently meeting baby's needs also makes him feel more secure: It shows your baby that you can be relied upon. If you establish this bedrock of trust in infancy, your baby is more likely to accept limits later on.
出生第一年
0到4个月：纵容你的宝贝
在宝宝还不到4个月的时候，坚持快速的回应（宝宝的需求）是十分重要的。只可以保证他们健康的生活——举例子来说，快速的换尿布可以减少宝宝的皮疹的几率。坚持一贯的满足宝宝的需求也能使他感到更安全：因为这样做会让宝宝觉得他们可以依赖你。如果你在婴儿时期就这样打下了良好的基础，你的宝宝就会在今后更有可能接受你对他的种种限制。

4 to 6 months: Get in the groove
At this age, parents can begin setting limits. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, parents should use "generally structured daily routines." If baby can rely on these routines, he's less likely to fuss or struggle. Routines should help calm your baby and encourage him to behave, but should be flexible enough to accommodate his emotions.

Here is an example of a diaper-changing routine:

1. Baby lies down and holds a certain toy.

2. You sing a certain song while changing the diaper.

3. After you're done, he gets a kiss.

You can also establish routines for bathing baby, strapping him into his car seat, and feeding him dinner.
4到6个月：进入状态
在这个年龄段，父母可以开始设置限制。根据美国小儿科报告，父母应该应用“大体的构造的每日惯例”。如果宝宝可以遵循这些惯例，他就不易反抗或是挣扎。这些惯例应该帮助孩子冷静并鼓励他们去表现自己，但是，这些惯例一定要灵活变通以便顺应着孩子的情感。
下面是一个换尿布的惯例的例子：
1宝宝躺下并拿着某一个玩具
2当你换尿布的时候唱着某一首歌
3当换完尿布时，你亲吻宝宝
你也可以建立其他的惯例：洗澡，放孩子到他的车座上，喂他晚饭。
6 to 12 months: Lay down the law
Parents can begin teaching house rules around six months, when the baby starts to comprehend cause and effect. A baby this age can memorize actions and reactions -- when I turn the cup over, the juice pours out -- but she's not yet able to fully control her behavior.

The mantra until then: Be patient and consistent. Though babies under a year old don't understand what "no" means, they do respond to the tone of a parent's voice and can be redirected. In fact, redirection -- also known as distraction -- is the most useful tool from now until age 2. For example, find a toy or move your baby to another room to get her away from the stairs.
6到12个月： 制定规则
当宝宝开始理解因果关系，大约在六个月时，父母就可以开始教家庭规矩了。这个年龄段的宝宝能记住行为与对应的反应：当我把杯子倒过来，里面的橙汁就会洒出来——但是他这时还不能完全控制她自己的行为。
颂歌唱到：要耐心要坚持。尽管不到一岁的宝宝不懂得什么是“不”，但他们去会对父母的说话的语调做出反应，改变行为（重新被父母引导其行为）。事实上，重新引导（宝宝的行为）也叫转移注意力法——它是从现在到2岁前最好用的方法。例如，找个玩具或是把孩子带到另一间屋子从而让他远离楼梯。
Baby in Motion
Any time from 8 months on -- and definitely by baby's first birthday -- he can get himself into trouble. Soon after he's crawling or walking, however, the danger grows. He can suddenly climb up a bookcase, pull out electrical cords, and knock things off a table.
More effective than screaming "Get away from that!" is taking baby to another room while telling him that a chair is for sitting on. While a 3-year-old may understand a lesson in how the chair can fall over and hurt him, such reasoning won't work with a 1-year-old -- that's why distraction is vital.
Set up "activity stations" in areas where there's the most potential for baby to get in trouble -- small boxes of toys in the kitchen, for example. That way baby can be redirected when you are on the phone or trying to fix a meal.
活动中的宝宝
从第8个月开始到一岁生日，宝宝就开始自制麻烦。自从他会爬到会走，危险就开始出现。宝宝可以突然爬上一个书架，拔出电线芯或是击翻桌子上的东西。
与其尖叫着“远离椅子！”，不如告诉把宝宝带到另一间屋子并告诉他椅子是用来坐的，这样更奏效。一个三岁的儿童也许能从椅子翻到自己会受伤这一事故中吸取点教训，但是一个1岁的孩子是无论如何也不可能做到这点的，这也正是转移注意力法为什么这么重要了。
在宝宝极有可能有麻烦的地方设置一些“活动场所”——例如，在厨房里放一个盛满玩具的盒子。通过这种方式，你就可以在打电话的时候或是做饭的时候转移宝宝的注意力（以免其受到厨房里的伤害）。
Age 1 and Up
1 to 2 years: Try patience
Now that he's officially entered toddlerhood, you will need to learn new techniques for setting limits.
Toddlers, unlike younger babies, understand some of the explanations for why they can't behave a certain way, but they still aren't able to control themselves. For the child who grabs toys, a parent should distract him with another toy or help him "take turns." The best technique for dealing with tantrums is waiting the child out, remaining calm and firm.
1岁和1岁以上
1到2岁：试着耐心
此时是孩子正式进入学走路的阶段你需要学习新的设定限制的技巧。
初学走路的孩子已经不像婴儿期那样，他们开始懂得为什么不能做某事，但是他们仍然没有能力控制自己。对于抢夺玩具的孩子，父母应该用另一个玩具转移他的注意力或是帮他“换一下”。最好的抑制发脾气的方式就是等孩子离开后，保持平静。


2 and up: Time for a time-out
Concepts such as sharing are puzzling for a child under 3, as are explanations linked to time, such as "You can color when we get back from the store." Your toddler wants to color now! These tricky concepts won't help you distract your toddler, because she doesn't understand them. And because they don't mean much to her, you shouldn't think she's misbehaving, either.
2岁及2岁以上：
在3岁以下，孩子对于像“分享”这样的概念是很费解的，他们对某些关于时间的概念也是如此。比如你对他说：“当我们从商店回家后你就可以画画了。”但是你的初学会走路的宝贝现在就要画！这些难以理解的（时间）概念是不会帮助你转移孩子的注意力的。因为他们根本不懂时间概念，所以你就更不应该认为他们现在就画是错误的行为。

Once a child passes age 2, discipline gets easier. She can finally understand why she shouldn't do something. Parents should begin introducing mild punishments (mainly time-outs) for when the child knowingly behaves badly.
Remember that discipline is a somewhat imperfect art. So don't be too hard on yourself if you find you're saying "no" more than "yes," or punishing your child for a crime he doesn't even understand. Discipline, after all, is about teaching, and parents and kids learn together.
孩子两岁后，规矩就变得简单易行了。孩子最终会明白为什么她们不应该做某事。当孩子们明知故犯时，父母应该开始引入轻微的惩罚。