教我學語言 -- 如何教Contingent Words

瑞雪 · 发表于 2003-10-23 13:07:53

謝謝承昊媽媽。這些課程都沒有什麼專業術語﹐非常好翻譯。下面是第二課--接龍練習。對了﹐這些課程是不必按順序的﹐可以根據孩子的情況自己選。我打算每一課開一個主題﹐便于大家有針對性的交流經驗。大家也可以把自己用的例子往上貼.

How To Teach Contingent Words

Contingent words in work much the same way as do word associations. The thearpist begins by saying a word, and then writing down that word. Then the child must say any word that is remotely relted to the first word. The therapist makes a word association based on the child's word, and the child makes a word association based on the therapist's new word. This turn taking should be done with the entire sheet. If the child has trouble completing this exercise, then the therapist should break donw the exercise line by line instead of completing the entire sheet. Some children will pick this drill up immediately; others will take longer to grasp the drill. The therapist can help the child by starting off with subjects that the child likes and by using examples the child understands. For example, if the thearpist starts by writing Disneyland, then the child should be prompted to say anything that is related to Disneyland. The therapist must take the child's suggestion, and find another topic which is unrelated to Disneyland, but related to the child's suggestion. For example, the drill might resemble the following pattern. Therapist: "Disneyland"; Child: "Mickey Mouse"; Therapist: "black ears"; Child: "feet"; Therapist: "shoes"; Child: "Pants"; Therapist: "dress"; Child:"doll"; Therapist:"Barbie"; Child""toy", and so on.This drill is usually quite enjoyable for the child because s/he can communicate without having to put thought in an entire sentence. This exercise can be used for years since each time it is done, the word associations are different.

Note: It is important that the child not be allowed to continue with the same train of thought over many turns. The idea is for the child to listen to the last word, and come up with an association for that one word (and not previous words or ideas).

Variation: A good variation to this drill was developed by Shelley Davis, a very talented bahvioral consultant who heads many programs for children with pervasive developmental disorders. Once Ms. Davis completes the above drill, she asks the child, "Why do (word) and (word) go together?" She then prompts the child to say, "Becuase (word) and (word) are both (word) " or "Because (word) goes with (word) ". After a while, the child is able to explain the relationship btween the two words and has grasped the "Why-Because" relationship.

Why Teach Contingent Words?

Contingent words give the child an opportunity to express his/her thoughts without having to frame them in a full sentence. This gives the therapist an opportunity to see how much the child knows when the child is not bogged down with grammatical structure. In addition, the Contingent Word drill shows the therapist the child's areas of weakness in tersm of gamps in general knowledge. This drill is also a good way to work on both simple and complex adjectives (colors and shapes, and emotions) and opposites.

Contingent Word Work Sheet

This exercise structures a conversation of sorts, since the child is able to share his/her thoughts without putting them into a sentence. There is turn taking where the child and the therapist both must concentrate on what the other is saying, since the next word must relate to the preceding word. Once the sheet is completed, the child can choose one of the lines and explain why the two words go together. This exercise is one of the easiest exercise with which to start the social language chapter.

下面是練習篇子的例子﹐用大字﹐一整頁紙.一行五個詞。任選一行加解釋。這裡選了最後一行。

<center>Contingent Words</center>

rain - wet - water - swimming - summer

beach - sand - ocean - grey - kitten

soft - loud - siren - fire - hot

sun - sky - moon - night - starts

bright - Saturn - rings - finger - nail

because Saturn is bright because we wear a ring on our finger

 because Saturn has rings because a finger has a nail

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应当一无挂虑、只要凡事借着祷告、祈求、和感谢、将你们所要的告诉　神。 神所赐出人意外的平安、必在基督耶稣里、保守你们的心怀意念。 --腓利比书四章六,七节

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