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希望给孩子补锂的家长,这里有两篇关于它的介绍文章,请参考.lithium
The Unique Safe Mineral with Multiple Uses
Ward Dean, M.D. and Jim English
Lithium is a mineral with a cloudy reputation. It is an alkali metal in the same family as sodium, potassium and other elements. Although lithium is highly effective in the treatment of manic depressive illness (X4 DI), its pharmaceutical (prescription) versions, lithium carbonate and lithium citrate, must be used with caution. The reason for the caution with prescription lithium is because lithium in these forms is poorly absorbed by the cells of the body — and it is within the cells that lithiums therapeutic effects take place. Lithium ions are believed to act only at particular sites on the membranes of intracellular structures like mitochondria and lysosomes.
Consequently, because of this poor intracellular transport, high dosages of pharmaceutical forms of lithium must be taken in order to obtain a satisfactory therapeutic effect. Unfortunately, these therapeutic dosages cause blood levels to be so high that they border on toxic levels. Consequently, patients taking prescription lithium must be closely monitored for toxic blood levels. Serum lithium and serum creatinine levels of prescription lithium-treated patients should be monitored every 3-6 months.
Toxic effects of lithium may include hand tremors, frequent urination, thirst, nausea, and vomiting. Even higher doses may cause drowsiness, muscular weakness, poor coordination, ringing in the ears, blurred vision, and other symptoms.
There has been concern that long-term lithium treatment may damage kidney function, but data in this regard are equivocal. Renal insufficiency without a known cause has occurred in the general population, and the incidence of renal failure among manic-depressive patients not treated with lithium remains unknown.
Most patients treated with lithium are also taking other medications, and it is just as likely that the few known cases of renal failure in patients taking lithium were due to other medications that they were simultaneously taking.2-5
Nevertheless, with potential side effects like this, why in the world would anyone want to take lithium? It is because lithium has been found to be one of the most effective treatments for manic-depressive illness (bi-polar disorder).
Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar disorder is a severe mood disorder characterized by manic or depressive episodes that usually cycle back and forth between depression and mania. The depressive phase is characterized by sluggishness (inertia), loss of self-esteem, helplessness, withdrawal and sadness, with suicide being a risk. The manic phase is characterized by elation, hyperactivity, over-involvement in activities, inflated self-esteem, a tendency to be easily distracted, and little need for sleep. In either phase there is frequently a dependence on alcohol or other substances of abuse. The disorder first appears between the ages of 15 and 25 and affects men and women equally. The cause is unknown, but hereditary and psychological factors may play a role. The incidence is higher in relatives of people with bipolar disorders. A psychiatric history of mood swings, and an observation of current behavior and mood are important in the diagnosis of this disorder.7
Orthodox Treatment
Hospitalization may be required during an acute phase to control the symptoms. Antidepressant drugs may be given; anticonvulsants (Carbamazepine, Valproic acid, Depakote) may also be used. (These substances deplete body stores of L-carnitine and Taurine. Supplementation with several grams daily of these supplements greatly ameliorates adverse side effects of these drugs).
Lithium, however, is the treatment of choice for recurring bipolar (manic/depressive) illness, serving as an effective mood enhancer in 70-80 percent of bipolar patients.
Mortality-lowering, Anti-suicidal Effect of Lithium
The mortality of manic-depressive patients is markedly higher than that of the general population. The increased mortality is mainly, but not exclusively, caused by suicide. Studies have shown that the mortality of manic-depressive patients given long-term lithium treatment is markedly lower than that of patients not receiving lithium. The frequency of suicidal acts among treated patients is significantly lower than patients given other antidepressants or carbamazepine. The results of mortality studies are consistent with the assumption that lithium-treatment protects against suicidal behavior. 8-13
Unipolar Disorder
In addition to its well-recognized benefits in the management of bipolar disorder, trials have conclusively demonstrated that lithium is also an effective treatment for recurrent unipolar depressive illness (recurrent major affective disorder).14-16 Although physicians in Europe have successfully used lithium for this indication for many years, American psychiatrists do not share their appreciation of lithiums safety and effectiveness for conditions other than MDI. Perhaps it is due to a difference in the lithium preparations they have at their disposal.
Superiority of Lithium Orotate
The lithium salt of orotic acid (lithium orotate) improves the specific effects of lithium many-fold by increasing lithium bio-utilization. The orotates transport the lithium to the membranes of mitochondria, lysosomes and the glia cells. Lithium orotate stabilizes the lysosomal membranes and prevents the enzyme reactions that are responsible for the sodium depletion and dehydration effects of other lithium salts. Because of the superior bioavailability of lithium orotate, the therapeutic dosage is much less than prescription forms of lithium. For example, in cases of severe depression, the therapeutic dosage of lithium orotate is 150 mg/day. This is compared to 900-1800 mg of the prescription forms. In this dosage range of lithium orotate, there are no adverse lithium side reactions and no need for monitoring blood serum measurements.17
Other Uses for Lithium Orotate
Lithium orotate has also been used with success in alleviating the pain from migraine and cluster headaches, low white blood cell counts, juvenile convulsive disease, alcoholism and liver disorders.18 Nieper also reports that patients with myopia (nearsightedness) and glaucoma often benefit from the slight dehydrating effect of lithium on the eye, resulting in improvement in vision and reduction of intraocular pressure.17
Lithium's Potential Role in Preventing Alzheimer’s Disease
Mineral Benefits Other Conditions Besides Bipolar Disorder
Linda Fugate, PhD
Alzheimer’s and other neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the death of brain cells. A research team at Wayne State University School of Medicine recently reported that lithium helps keep brain cells alive, and that it should be investigated as a potential agent in the treatment of Alzheimer’s. (1-3)
Lithium is a naturally occurring mineral similar to sodium and potassium. Small amounts are present in most foods. Large amounts are used in the treatment of manic depression —also called bipolar disorder. The Wayne State team was studying lithium’s effects on manic depression when they discovered that this remarkable mineral can protect brain cells from premature death. In their Oct. 7, 2000 paper, they reported that lithium may even cause brain cells to regenerate after a loss from disease. (1)
Two proteins are key to lithium’s neuroprotective benefits. Bcl-2 (named for the B-cell lymphoma/ leukemia-2 gene) protects brain cells from a variety of injuries, including chemical oxidants and ionizing radiation. Lithium is the first substance shown to increase the concentrations of Bcl-2 in brain tissue. On the other hand, a protein you don’t want too much of is glycogen synthase kinase 3b (GSK-3b). GSK-3b appears to participate in the production of neurofibrillary tangles, which are a key feature found in Alzheimer’s patients. Lithium was shown to reduce the levels of GSK-3b.
The research results came from three sources: humans, rats, and brain cell cultures. The patients all suffered from bipolar disease (manic depression). Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans of the brain were performed before and after four weeks of lithium treatment. The researchers were surprised to find that the patients’ brain gray matter increased by an average of 3 percent.
In an in vitro study, lithium was shown to increase brain cell survival. When human brain cells were incubated in a lithium solution and then exposed to two different toxins, the lithium-treated cells showed up to a 220 percent increase in survival rate compared to the control groups. (2)
Although there are no published studies on the effect of lithium on Alzheimer’s, the Wayne State team suggests that the possibility should be studied. An obvious question is whether manic depressed people who take lithium have a reduced incidence of Alzheimer’s. Data are not yet available, since at least nine other drugs can be used to treat manic depression. (4) However, current data show that lithium plays a vital role in maintaining neural health.
Benefits of Lithium
Lithium offers both short and long term benefits for the health of the nervous system. Table 1 summarizes the known effects. Dr. Robert Lenox, a psychiatric researcher at the University of Pennsylvania, commented, We are currently still at the stage of identifying the pieces of the lithium puzzle; within the next 50 years, we will be putting the puzzle together. (5) Additionally, Prof. Bjorksten demonstrated that lithium was an effective aluminum chelator and crosslinkage inhibitor. Bjorksten stated that lithium continues to be the most effective electrolyte for aluminum detachment. (6)
Lithium in the Diet
There is growing evidence that lithium may be an essential mineral in the human diet. Animals on low-lithium diets have shown reproductive problems, shorter life spans, poor lipid metabolism, and behavioral abnormalities. (7-9) In epidemiological studies of humans, low levels of lithium in drinking water have been correlated with a higher incidence of mental hospital admissions, (10) violent crime, suicide, drug addiction, (11) and heart disease. (11) Lithium levels in the scalp hair of violent criminals and heart disease patients have been found to be lower than those in healthy volunteers. (13)
The amount of lithium in a normal diet varies considerably. Table 2 shows dietary intakes of lithium reported in the literature. These values should be considered approximate, since different researchers give different answers. Some lithium is present in essentially all foods, with the highest concentrations reported in eggs and milk. (14) Water can also be a substantial source. The lithium content of drinking water in the United States ranges from 0.00001 to 0.170 mg/liter, with an average of 0.002 mg/liter. (15,16) El Paso, Texas, has one of the highest concentrations, and is the location most noted as a high-lithium, low-mental illness site. (10,11) One region of Northern Chile has 5 mg/liter lithium in the water, which has been consumed for years without adverse effects reported — and even water with 6 to 12 mg/liter lithium from an industrial outflow has not been shown to cause any obvious problems. (23)
Lithium in Medicine and as a Supplement
Lithium got a bad reputation in the 1940s, when lithium chloride was tried as a salt substitute for patients on low-salt diets. (Today, potassium chloride is a more accepted salt substitute.) The amount of lithium used for this application was toxic — and even fatal, in some cases. Lithium products were removed from the market, and American doctors rejected the mineral for many years. In 1949, the Australian physician John Cade reported that lithium was an effective treatment for manic depression. It was not until 1970 that the FDA approved its use for medical treatment in the United States. (19) By 1996, lithium was included in a list of 18 elements which might be important for human nutrition.18 In 1998, the U. S. Department of Agriculture recognized moderate evidence that lithium should be considered an ultra-trace element with an established, estimated, or suspected requirement generally indicated by micrograms/day for humans. (20)
There are 13 minerals commonly found in multi-mineral dietary supplements: calcium, potassium, magnesium, iron, zinc, boron, copper, manganese, iodine, molybdenum, chromium, selenium, and vanadium. Other important minerals in the body are phosphorus and sodium. Daily Values have been established for most of these. There are several types of Daily Values: Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA), Estimated Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary Intakes (ESADDI), and Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI), which include several types of nutrient recommendations. (21) This hodgepodge of dietary advice was created by the Food and Nutrition Board, a subsidiary of the National Research Council, which is part of the National Academy of Sciences.
These categories represent different levels of knowledge about different nutrients. Lithium does not make any of the lists. However, Forrest Nielsen of the U S Department of Agriculture suggested that lithium and other trace elements should be classified as DAMM nutrients, an acronym for Dietary Allowances of Minuscule Minerals. (18) Actually, lithium is not that minuscule. It has a low atomic weight, so the milligrams of lithium in the diet or in the body look deceivingly low. In terms of atoms, lithium is more abundant in the body than six of the minerals that are commonly taken in supplements. Table 3 shows the average concentrations of trace minerals in the human body. (22) The units are atoms per billion atoms. All minerals in this table except lithium are commonly included in multi-mineral supplements.
Lithium Salts
Lithium, like sodium, occurs naturally in a number of different salts. Lithium carbonate and lithium citrate are approved as prescription forms of lithium. The citrate and carbonate salts are only slightly soluble in water, and are poorly absorbed by the cells. Another form of lithium — lithium orotate — is a highly bioavailable form of lithium that is available as an over-the-counter dietary supplement. (24) Because of its superior bioavailability, lower doses of lithium orotate than lithium carbonate (or lithium citrate) may be used to achieve therapeutic brain lithium concentrations and relatively stable serum concentrations. (25)
Lithium orotate has also been demonstrated to be of benefit in the treatment of alcoholics, and proved useful in alleviating alcohol-related symptoms of liver dysfunction, seizure disorders, headaches, hyperthyroidism, affective disorders, Meniere’s syndrome, and liver and lung cancers. (25)
Standard lithium orotate dietary supplements provide 5 mg lithium. This is 1 to 2 percent of the dose provided by prescription forms of lithium.
Safety Issues
Bipolar patients commonly take 200 to 400 mg lithium per day (this is approximately 1,000 to 2,000 mg lithium carbonate). (18) Because the blood levels of lithium citrate or lithium carbonate that have been demonstrated to be therapeutic are only slightly below the level that has been determined to be toxic, patients who take these prescription forms of lithium require regular blood tests to make sure their serum lithium concentrations stay below the toxic range. Adverse side effects and the inconvenience of frequent blood tests cause many patients to discontinue treatment with these prescription drugs.
Conclusion
Lithium orotate is a safe nutritional supplement that may help to prevent Alzheimer’s disease, alcoholism (and related conditions) and other neurodegenerative conditions. Because of its superior bioavailability, lower (and safer) doses of lithium orotate are as effective as the much higher doses found in prescription lithium.
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发表于 2006-4-16 07:32:05
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