以琳自闭症论坛

标题: 有用吗? [打印本页]

作者: 老枪    时间: 2008-7-14 12:00
标题: 有用吗?
看了这个标题,如果你碰巧好奇了一下,可能会说,这老东西搞什么鬼,什么有用呢?----恭喜你,你刚刚问了两个WH问题。

所谓WH问题是指:where,what,when,who,which,why,how,这类对于NT或AS小孩天然就会的技能,对于自闭症小朋友而言可能是“高级”课程。要引发他们主动问这样的问题,需要训练,而训练的核心是设局下套,等君入瓮。

手册上常说的方法是这样的:把一个强化物放在不透明的盒子里,然后放在孩子眼前,引诱他问:这是什么(what is it?)。如果问了,给他强化物。

于是我拿了一个鞋盒,里面装了一块巧克力(解禁很久了),递到儿子眼前。他说:这是耐克的盒子耶。我开始晃盒子,并观察他的表情,如果他露出好奇,我将马上进行“零延迟辅助的无差错教学”。果然,他很好奇,我马上低声说:“说,这是什么?”他说:是汽车。 “你说,这---是----什---么---” 他不管不顾地接着猜:这是师傅(from kungfu panda)...

我碰钉子只能说明我家狗剩程度差,其他朋友不妨一试。二楼贴的是这类教学的具体例子,也是众家长智慧的结晶。所给链接理论性强一点。

希望有用。

----------------------------------------------
百事可乐

作者: 老枪    时间: 2008-7-14 12:04
标题: re:[COLOR=#3d11ee]Wha...

What
  
The teacher will bring in a paper bag with things the child likes inside the bag ...
  

Where
**Present the child with a closed box with that has a reinforcer (candy works best) in it
....

WHY
Teacher will put a chair on the table while the child is engaged in another activity....
  
  
更多详细内容见niuniuma [U]23楼[/U]的中文翻译。

要用英语教学的朋友可以用楼下的链接。
作者: 老枪    时间: 2008-7-14 12:07
标题: re:[COLOR=#1111ee]HOW [...
HOW

Notes about teaching this mand: When teaching “how” mands, make sure the learner is physically able to perform the action required once the information is provided to them. If they are unable to physically perform the action themselves, the proper mand should be “help me” and not “how”.If the learner figures out “how” to do it before you show them, you cannot prompt the mand.
...

更多详细内容见[U]33 楼[/U]的中文翻译。

  
WHEN
Give a peer a desired reinforcer and prompt "When can I have it?" or "When is it my turn?"
The teacher should say "After XXX is done with it".
Prompt peer to put it down (Reinforce peer for doing so) and teacher tells child "Now you can have it".
Place an empty bag of a highly preferred food on the table setting. Do not talk about the item, however have it sitting on the table while doing something in this setting with the child. When the child starts looking at the empty bag, prompt him to ask, “When can we get more XXXX?” Once the child echoes your prompt, tell him “After you XXXX” (The activity that the child should have to engage in prior to the manded activity should require only a short duration in time, so as to reinforce the mand).
**Place highly desired item on the table when the child mands for it, the teacher should say "Not right now" and prompt "When can I have it?".
Teacher says "After you XXXX".
Child does the activity and then gets the item
**Tell the child that you are going to take them for a fun ride in the wagon. Then pick up a book and begin reading it. When the child looks at you as if they want to go on a wagon ride, prompt
“When can we go?” Once they mand, tell them “As soon as you put your shoes on”. (Example provided by Charlene, Brick, NJ)
Bake cookies with the child and when the batter is ready, place it on the tray in the oven. When you see the child looking into the oven at the cookies, prompt him to ask “When will they be ready?” As soon as the child echoes your prompt, tell him the amount of time that the cookies have to bake for. (When first teaching this skill, you may want to teach this when there are only a few seconds left for the child to wait. You may also want to respond to the mand for “when” with “After you do XXXX” (This activity should be an activity that the child enjoys. Try to time the activity so that it is completed right at the time the cookies are finished baking).
Alternative example for example above: Wait until the cookies are finished baking and take them out of the oven. Sit them on the counter and do not draw any attention to the cookies. When you notice that the child is looking at the cookies as if he is wanting one, prompt to ask “When can I have a cookie?” Tell him, “After they cool for one more minute”. As soon as the one minute is up, tell the child that he can have a cookie. Bring photos of the child engaging in a fun activity or at a fun location (ex. McDonalds, the pet store, a friend’s home). While the child is looking at the pictures, prompt him to ask “When can we go back to the XXX?” The answer should be something that indicates a very short duration of time passing.
Child sees you packing their bag for the pool. Prompt, “When are we going to the pool?” Tell the child, “after you put your shoes on”. (Example provided by Amy from York, PA).
Before a visit from “out of town” family, look at pictures of their last visit with the child (as long as the child had an enjoyable time). Prompt the child to mand, “When is Grandpa coming again?” Then tell them, “Tomorrow” or “Right now! Let’s go pick them up from the airport!” (Example provided by Amy from York, PA)

以上来源:
http://establishingoperationsinc.com/helpfulinfo.aspx

相关文章:
http://www.marksundberg.com/files/Sundberg_et.al._Mand_for_info_2002.pdf  更多详细内容见[U]31 楼[/U]的中文翻译。
  

作者: LittleKoala    时间: 2008-7-14 12:13
标题: re:哈哈哈哈,老枪终于坐下开讲可,般个凳子坐...
哈哈哈哈,老枪终于坐下开讲可,般个凳子坐下耐心听。
作者: jiajunmei    时间: 2008-7-15 00:01
标题: re:嗯,有理,先看看这些英文,然后继续听枪兄...
嗯,有理,先看看这些英文,然后继续听枪兄的解释哦
作者: niuniuma    时间: 2008-7-15 10:43
标题: re:难道这就是传说中的VB的manding训...
难道这就是传说中的VB的manding训练?

实在好奇,老枪自己给儿子训练吗?还是主要靠训练师?
作者: xubb    时间: 2008-7-15 12:35
标题: re:根据老枪的描述,孩子背后应该有个协助者,...
根据老枪的描述,孩子背后应该有个协助者,直接拿孩子手指盒子,把老枪帖子中的----我马上低声说:“说,这是什么?”换成“是什么?”,然后孩子跟着仿说。
和孩子讲话尽可能用描述性语言,命令式语言尽量少用为好!
作者: katelam    时间: 2008-7-16 23:59
标题: re:脱了马甲亲自上阵了,好贴,可惜时机未到,...
脱了马甲亲自上阵了,好贴,可惜时机未到,收藏先。
作者: fyang    时间: 2008-7-17 05:07
标题: re:谢谢老枪,非常有用,收藏了。
谢谢老枪,非常有用,收藏了。
作者: gmom    时间: 2008-7-17 08:05
标题: re:请教老枪,我儿子的问题是:who, wh...
请教老枪,我儿子的问题是:who, where, what用得很好,简单的why的问题也能回答,偶尔也能问一些why的问题。但是,why的问题和who,where, what比起来,问的就很少。怎样才能让孩子多问why呢?我儿子的why问题,总共也就只有不到10个,其中60%老妈不知道怎么回答。
作者: 老枪    时间: 2008-7-17 08:23
标题: re:gmom,关于WH问题我自己刚刚起步,很...
gmom,关于WH问题我自己刚刚起步,很着急地贴上来,主要觉得可能对别的家长会有帮助。关于why的问题,我猜大概是要培养孩子八卦一点。很多问题要向你请教,以后慢慢来吧。

谢谢XUBB,你的建议让我想起了一位家长的名言,“孩子不会,教得不对”,看来是我不对,回头向狗剩认错。

放了这么大段英文,实在过意不去,苦于没时间,只好请google帮忙,如果你看不懂,别拿砖砸我,niuniuma出的主意。

(2楼的what)


什么
   
儿童是在楼下,有人去楼上,并开始打地板扫帚
或玩具的蝙蝠。儿童会听到噪音楼上。如果孩子开始环顾房间
找到问题的根源噪音,迅速把孩子曼德尔, “什么是噪音? ”治疗便可以
告诉孩子一些效果, “这是你的兄弟,他是打棒球(或一些
其他有趣的活动,儿童享有) 。让我们去发挥他“ (例如所提供的埃丽卡从
纽约, PA )的
作者: niuniuma    时间: 2008-7-17 11:17
标题: re:[QUOTE][b]下面引用由[u]gm...
下面引用由gmom发表的内容:

请教老枪,我儿子的问题是:who, where, what用得很好,简单的why的问题也能回答,偶尔也能问一些why的问题。但是,why的问题和who,where, what比起来,问的就很少。怎样才...


who, where, what, which比较好学,why难一些,how又难一些,个人体会。以前我的孩子从不问why,我自己乱教她(那时候没有这个帖子),5岁才学会。后来她6岁了,虽然十万个为什么问的太多了,很多根本就没有什么为什么不为什么的(如为什么天高)。此时我又意识到她从来不问how。


作者: kwenma2    时间: 2008-7-17 11:54
标题: re:对于WHY(为什么),我们的经验是多从生...
对于WHY(为什么),我们的经验是多从生活中教他给他示范。从去年7月我们开始给他示范,一直到今年3-4月他才开始用WHY问问题。比如我们看见人下雨打伞,就会问儿子:“他们下雨时为什么要打伞呢?”如果儿子回答不出,大人就说:“因为他们怕衣服会打湿。” 这种灌输多了,他就会明白或者体会到什么时候该用WHY(为什么)来问问题了。

嗯,对于HOW,我们小子好象也用得少一些。我得查一查他的ABA记录。
作者: gmom    时间: 2008-7-17 13:44
标题: re:以琳今天太难上了,先在这儿冒个泡。我儿子...
以琳今天太难上了,先在这儿冒个泡。我儿子的wh问题,只要中文有了,英文就很快过关。这还是一个认知的问题。

我儿子不爱问why, 和他不爱看书一样让人头疼。他会用why,也会回答简单的why, 例如: Why he is sad? why she is crying? 但是,更本没有niuniu的十万个为什么。这次让外婆从北京买了儿童版的十万个为什么的DVD,先学学看。

对于how, 我认为分成两个部分。一个是,对于状态的提问. 例如:How is your back? How is your sister? 另一个则是排序,怎样做.例如:How to make a burger?我儿子中文第一类有时候能问。 前2天,我抱怨陪他坐小凳子腰疼,小子作出一付怜悯样,问我:“你的背怎么了?好疼哦。你病病了,要看医生。“ 第2类,小子可以回答间单的how to的问题,但不会提问。我认为How to最难教。我家ABA现在教when, 还没有教why和how, 到时候我再上来补充。

我觉得让孩子问wh的问题,最主要的是:孩子对于问题的结果有兴趣知道,他才问。问问题才是真正的主动语言。
作者: 女儿是天使    时间: 2008-7-17 15:05
标题: re:先收藏了。
先收藏了。
作者: kwenma2    时间: 2008-7-17 22:45
标题: re:[QUOTE][b]下面引用由[u]gm...
下面引用由gmom发表的内容:

以琳今天太难上了,先在这儿冒个泡。我儿子的wh问题,只要中文有了,英文就很快过关。这还是一个认知的问题。

我儿子不爱问why, 和他不爱看书一样让人头疼。他会用why,也会回答简单的why, 例...


你对于HOW的方法很好,我要试一下。Cheers!
作者: jinglenn    时间: 2008-7-18 20:32
标题: re:通过cause and effect的训...
通过cause and effect的训练,可能会对WHY问题的训练有所帮助吧。
作者: 秋爸爸    时间: 2008-7-22 02:16
标题: re:Who ? 主席!When...
Who ?
主席!

When ?
总理!

-神秘大国,很有用。顶!
作者: 秋爸爸    时间: 2008-7-22 14:02
标题: re:另一个教提问的VB小册子,大同小异,老枪...
另一个教提问的VB小册子,大同小异,老枪必就早看过。

Teaching the Child to Ask Questions

Pre-requisite Skills 孩子需具备的能力:
孩子能够对大量的物品和活动提出索要。有说孩子须能用形容词副词来成句子地描述或提要求,也有反过来说教提问可增强形容词介词的学习。重要的要搞清楚孩子能否区分不同问题的应用场合,故提问的教学顺序要个别化。孩子不能区分场合,那就教他留意前后语境。做不到,就打基础晚点儿再教。

The child should be requesting (manding) a large number of objects and actions.  Some people prefer to wait until the child is also able to label (tact) adjectives and prepositions as well as waiting until the child is using sentences to request (mand).  Others have had success with using the teaching procedures involved in teaching the child to ask questions (mands for information) to teach the child prepositions and adjectives because doing so may increase the child’s motivation (EO) for using the adjectives and prepositions in a functional manner.  It is probably most important to determine the child’s ability to discriminate the conditions under which questions (mands for information) are appropriate and then use whichever sequence of teaching skills the individual child responds to best.  If it is decided to teach the child to ask questions and discrimination errors begin to occur, try to teach the child to discriminate the relevant context.  If you are unsuccessful, hold off on teaching the child to ask questions (mands for information) while other necessary skills are taught.


Why do People Ask Questions? 人为什么要提问?
首要功能是获取所需信息,上档次的还可用来套磁,有问有答才能维持对话。
英语中普通孩子通常最先用’dat?’提问的,因为…(翻累了不保正确,google去吧)
The primary function of asking questions is to obtain desired information.  Of course, as adults, we have also learned that it’s polite and reinforcing to our friends to ask certain questions (i.e. “How are you doing?” “How was your vacation?”). If we are interested and enjoy (are reinforced by) our interactions with the person we are talking to or the topic of discussion, the questions serve to maintain or continue the conversation.   
When typically developing children are first learning to ask questions “dat?” is often the first question used. One explanation of this behavior is that the child is requesting information.  The child wants to learn and is interested in the environment.  If this is the case, then in behavioral terms it means that words have become reinforcing to the child.  Another behavioral explanation may be that the person the child is saying “dat?” in the presence of has become a conditioned reinforcer and the child is requesting (“manding” for) the attention of the person.  This happens after a long learning history of that person being paired with reinforcement and reinforcement occurring whenever the child says “dat?” in the presence of the person.

Is my child/student already requesting information?
孩子开始要求获取信息了吗?

Remember that when determining the maintaining reinforcer for any given behavior, we have to look at what the specific child enjoys.  Children might appear to be “manding for information” by pointing to, or touching an object/picture without looking at the adult present.  This behavior has a history of being reinforced (maintained) by the adult present saying the name of the item touched.   
For example, one child was highly reinforced by letters or numbers and pointed to them frequently.  Whenever the child pointed, the adult said the name of the letter or number.  The child could receptively identify (touch/get/point) to the letters and numbers when asked but was non-verbal.  His only way of manding for objects was to pull his parents to the desired object or typical location of the activity he desired. Rather than “manding for information” the parents had become the child’s personal “V-Tech” toy! (One of his favorite “stimmy toys.)  While this did serve to pair the parents with reinforcement which is a desirable goal in and of itself, we wouldn’t want to do this in exclusion of teaching the child how to request specific objects or actions using other forms of communication.
For this particular child, we were successful in teaching a couple of skills with the behaviors he was already exhibiting (touching) and using his desire (EO) to hear someone say letters and numbers.  First, we began the activity in the way the child had been previously taught (child points/adult says).   
Then we started waiting a few seconds until the child turned and looked at the adult before saying the name of the number. Soon the child was making eye contact as he pointed.  Next, we wrote the numbers on small cards and taught the child to hand us the number he wanted us to say (Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS). We taught the child the skill of giving someone a picture of what he wanted to obtain what he wants (reinforcer).  Later, when not specifically engaged in the activity, the child would take the picture to the parent.  When he did so, the parent got out the letters/numbers, and played with the child using them.  This skill was more functional because the child could request the specific game or activity using the picture whereas before he was only able to request a specific behavior of his parents if the letters or numbers were present.   The child also generalized this skill (PECS) to requesting other toys, foods and activities that he desired. We also used the reinforcing value of letters paired with blocks, puzzles and songs to pair those activities with reinforcement (create new conditioned reinforcers).
It’s also important to recognize that even if the child is saying words that sound like questions, we have to determine the reinforcer that’s maintaining before we can determine if the child is requesting information or requesting a specific object or activity.  For example, a highly echoic child might ask, “Do you want to watch TV?”  when he doesn’t really care much if YOU want to or not!  The function of this question is to communicate, “I want to watch TV”.  It’s easy to see how this might happen.  The “learning history” in this case might be that whenever the child wants to (has an EO) for watching TV, he drags is mom to the television set and puts her hand on the button.  Right before turning on the TV she asks her child, “Do you want to watch TV?”  The child echoes, “Do you want to watch TV?” and the TV is turned on.  The behavior of saying “Do you want to watch TV” has been reinforced multiple times.  The problem is, the child is using the incorrect “form” for the function!  Instead, the parent was taught to prompt with “I want to watch…”. The child filled in “TV”, and then the TV was turned on.  The child was not yet echoing isolated words under “instructional control” or on a consistent basis but he typically filled-in words from his favorite songs so we knew this would be a more successful way of getting the “behavior” of saying “TV” so we could reinforce it.  In this case, we didn’t want to prompt the child to say, “I want to watch TV” until we taught him to use isolated words for a variety of functions because of his strong echoic history.  We did eventually prompt him to use many different sentences, (i.e. “I want to watch TV”, “Turn on the TV”, “Let’s watch some TV” etc.) to get the TV on but only after he was able to label a large number of items in response to “What’s this?” and was also doing so spontaneously to gain our attention.  Using the sentence, “I want to watch TV”, was then important because the listener could not always determine if he said the word because he wanted it or was just labeling it to get our attention.
Other children often ask questions that are not serving the purpose of gaining information.  For example, they may ask, “Where’s my ball?” when the ball is sitting in front of them.  This often happens because the child has been reinforced for saying the words that sound like questions by receiving the desired item, even when it’s visible.  Or, the child may have been taught to ask questions through imitative activities that did not include the appropriate reinforcer (getting information you don’t know).  For example, perhaps the child was reinforced for saying “Who’s that?” while looking at pictures of familiar family members in a photo album.  If the child can label (tact) the people in the album he doesn’t need the information that ‘Who’s that?” should be used to obtain. Whenever this type of learning history has occurred, it is best to prompt the correct words to use in the context and then reinforce, providing multiple opportunities to practice and fading prompts and at the same time, teach the appropriate conditions so the child is able to discriminate between the two.  For example, for the child above, one might prompt (echoic and putting child’s finger on the picture), “Look, there’s daddy!”, “That’s grandma!” etc. and fade the prompts.  At the same time, teach him to ask “Who” questions under the condition that he needs the information as described below.

作者: 秋爸爸    时间: 2008-7-22 14:18
标题: re:[B]How do I teach th...
How do I teach the child to ask questions under the appropriate conditions?
提问的具体教学例子

First, consider the "information" that would reinforce the specific question form:
1. "Can" obtains information about the ability of an object or person to engage in a specific activity. The response is typically "yes" or "no".  Example:
"Can donkeys fly?"
2. "Can I" / "May I" obtains permission to engage in a desired activity or get a desired object. (While it's "grammatically incorrect" to use "can" under this condition, it is so widely used in our society for this function that it is considered appropriate so long as the family commonly uses the question form under this condition.)  Example:
"Can I go outside?"
"May I have a cookie?"
3. "Will" / "Would"  / "Could" / "Would you mind?" obtains information about the ability, willingness or likelihood of another person engaging in a specific activity. (combined with "you" if you're talking to the person you want to engage in the activity, "he, she" if the person is present but you're not talking to them and the specific name of the person if the person is not present.)  Example:
"Will Grandma pick me up?" "Would you help me with this puzzle?" "Could you get my shoes?" "Would you mind taking out the garbage?" "Will he take my truck?" "Will Daddy go to work today?" "Would Mrs. Smith take me to the park with her?"
4. "What / What's that?" obtains information about the label (tact) of an object. Example:
"What's in the bag?" "What's that?" (pointing to an unknown object/picture) )
5. "What kind?" obtains information specific to an attribute of an object or indicates more "specificity" is required. Example:   
Instructor: "I got a new dog!"
STUDENT: "What kind?"Instructor:  "A Boxer."
"What kind of chips do you want?"
6. "Who?" obtains information about the label (tact) of a person.  Example:  
"Who's that?" (new kid in class)  "Who took my truck?"
Mom:  "Someone's coming over today!"
STUDENT:  "Who?"
7. "Where?" obtains information regarding the location of an object, person, or activity.   Example:   
"Where's mommy?" (mommy not present)  "Where are my shoes?" (shoes not present)   "Where are we going?"
8. "When?" obtains information regarding some measurement of time.  Example
"When can I have lunch?" "When are you leaving for vacation?" "When can we get together?"
9. "Why?" obtains information about the reason something is occurring or has occurred.  Example:
"Why are you wearing a purse on your head?" "Why did you hit me?"   "Why is he talking so loud?"
10. "Which one?" obtains clarification about two or more items.  Example:  
Dad: "Can I have a cookie?" (3 present)   
STUDENT: "Which one?"
11. "How?" obtains information about a procedure or process of completing something.  Example:   
"How do you open this?"
"How does this work?"
12. "Do / Did / Does?"  Combined with pronouns or specific names to obtain information about preferences, common activities or past events.  Example:
"Did you get some crackers?""Do you like puzzles?""Does grandma like Thomas videos?"
The next step is to determine how we can make receiving the information valuable (reinforcing) to the child. This is an important element of the teaching process because, while we can teach a child to "ask" questions, if the child is not reinforced by the information received, it is unlikely that he will engage in this behavior spontaneously!  In other words, we can teach him to ask but we also must teach him to "care about" getting the information.  This can be done by pairing the receipt of the information with an established reinforcer.   Once getting information has a long history or being paired with reinforcement, the likelihood that future questions will be asked is increased. The author typically teaches single "question words" at first to be sure they are taught as the "important word" (discriminative stimulus) for a specific response or specific type of information.  Then, multiple questions containing each specific question form can be taught. Example teaching procedures are as follows:

What?

("Thomas" books are highly reinforcing to the child and are out of sight)  
Instructor: "I have something for you! Say, 'What'"
STUDENT: "What?"   
Instructor: "A new Thomas book!"
(Note: The child should already have been taught to respond by echoing whatever follows "say" in an instruction. If the child has difficulty discriminating the requirement of the "echoic" response from responding to the question itself, it is often helpful to have them echo some others words first to "build momentum" then the question word. Ex:
Instructor: "Say 'house'" STUDENT: "house"   Instructor: "Say 'baby'." STUDENT: "baby" Instructor: "Say 'what'." STUDENT: "What"
(Reinforcing item is placed in an opaque bag)   
Instructor: (points to the bag)  "Say, 'What's that?'"   
STUDENT: " What's that?"  Instructor: "It's your top! Come on, let's play!" (Child is reaching toward zipped up bag containing a reinforcer)  
Instructor: "Say, 'What's in the bag?'"   
STUDENT: "What's in the bag?"
Instructor: "A new video for us to watch!  Come on!"
Once the question has been paired with reinforcement sufficiently, teach the child to ask for information regarding labels (tacts) he does not know.   
Instructor: (looking at a book about Sea Animals containing many tacts the child has previously acquired but some he has not yet been taught.)
Instructor: "What's that?"   
STUDENT: "whale"
Instructor: (Points to other animals the child knows but doesn't ask "What's that?" to fade the question prompt for the labels (tacts).
STUDENT: "Shark Octopus "
Instructor: (Points to an unknown item and immediately prompts), "Say 'What's that?'"
STUDENT: "What's that?"   
Instructor: "It's a sea lion."  (Depending on the particular child, the reinforcement for engaging in this behavior (i.e. asking the question) might be receiving the information (if he enjoys sea animals) or can be paired with social reinforcement such as '"Wow! You're learning lots of sea animals!"
Social praise has become a conditioned reinforcer or can be paired with a decrease in demands (just reading and enjoying the rest of the book together), or another reinforcer (such as getting a toy sea lion to give him after he asks the question if he enjoys playing with sea creatures).

Who?

(Planned arrival of a number of people who have been paired with reinforcement)   
Instructor: "Someone's at the door! Say, 'Who'"
STUDENT: "Who"   
Instructor: (opens the door)  "It's grandma!"  (repeat with other "favorite" people)
(Have different people take turns hiding under a blanket/sheet, out of view of child) Instructor: "Look! There's someone under the blanket!  Say, 'Who?'"   
STUDENT: "Who?"   
Instructor: (Says the name of the person as they "pop out" from under the blanket.)
Instructor: "Somebody likes to give you kisses!  Say, 'Who?'"
STUDENT: "Who?"  
Instructor: "Me!"  (showers the child with kisses)
(arrange for reinforcing people to call on the phone)   
Instructor: "There's someone on the phone for you!  Say, 'Who is it?'"
STUDENT:  "Who is it?"
Instructor: "It's Daddy!  Daddy wants to talk to you!"
(looking through photo album)
Instructor: "Who's that?"
STUDENT: "Mommy."
Instructor: (Continues pointing to pictures then point's to someone the child doesn't know)   
Instructor: "Say, 'Who's that?'"
STUDENT: "Who's that?"   
Instructor: "Bill." (also provide social or tangible reinforcement for asking the question.)
Where?
(Woody is a strong reinforcer)  
Instructor: "I know where Woody is!  Say, 'Where?'"
STUDENT: "Where?"   
Instructor: "He's under the couch!"  (helps child locate if necessary)
Once "what" is mastered, combine with "Where".   
Instructor: "I have something for you!"   
STUDENT: "What is it?"
Instructor: "A new ball!  Say, 'Where is it?'"
STUDENT: "Where is it?"   
Instructor: "It's in this bag!"   
STUDENT: (gets ball out)
Once the child is manding "Where" in contrived situations appropriately in response to specific SDs, teach him to mand "Where" combined with the object label to request missing items.
(playing with ball castle- Instructor hides the ball in different locations around the room)  Instructor: (calls attention to empty basket where the ball is usually kept) Say, 'Where's the ball?'"
STUDENT: "Where's the ball?"   
Instructor: "It's under the box."
(Give cereal without a spoon.)
Instructor: "Say, 'Where's my spoon?'"
STUDENT: "Where's my spoon?"
Instructor: "It's in the drawer.  Let's go get it!"   
(The child should be consistently manding for missing items.  Be sure to continue reinforcing the mand for the item (i.e. I need a spoon) intermittently.  It may be necessary to also hide a primary reinforcer with the spoon to make up for the delayed reinforcement to getting the spoon.)

Why?

(Instructor and child working on a "non-preferred" activity)   
Instructor: "We have to stop working now.  Say, 'Why'"   
STUDENT:  "Why?"
Instructor: "Because we're going to the park!" (a highly preferred activity)
(child watching a "less preferred" video.  Instructor comes in and turns it off)   
Instructor: "Say, 'Why did you turn off the video?'"   
STUDENT: "Why did you turn off the video?"   
Instructor: "So we can watch this new Dora video!" (a "more preferred video)
(instructor wears a clown nose into session)   
Instructor: "Say, 'Why are you wearing that nose?'"   
STUDENT: "Why are you wearing that nose?"   
Instructor: "Because we're going to play with the circus today!" (one of child's favorite activities)
Which/ Which One?
Instructor: "One of these candies is for you!  Say, 'Which One?'"
STUDENT: "Which one?"   
Instructor: "The orange candy.' (child's favorite color)
Instructor: (holding out two hands, fisted)  "I have a piece of candy in my hand!  Say, 'Which one?'"
STUDENT: "Which one?"   
Instructor: "This one!" (opens hand and gives candy to child)  
(Can also teach the child to mand specifically for "Which hand?")
Instructor: (two boxes present- One containing Woody)  "Woody is in a box.  Say, 'Which box?   
STUDENT: "Which box?"   
Instructor: "The shiny box."
Once he's using the question form consistently; teach him to mand for information to clarify a request.   
Instructor: (Two balloons present) "Hand me a balloon.  Say, 'Which one?'"   STUDENT: "Which one?"   
Instructor: "The long one."  
STUDENT:  (Gives balloon to instructor and instructor blows it up and plays with the child.)
When child has mastered asking "What?" and "Where?" questions, combine with "Which one?"   
Instructor: "I have something for you!"   
STUDENT:  "What?" Instructor: "A squishy ball!"   
STUDENT: "Where is it?"   
Instructor: "In the bag. (2 bags present) Say, 'Which one?'"  
STUDENT: "Which one?"   Instructor: "The large bag."
Whose?
Instructor: "I have someone's candy!  Say 'Whose?'" STUDENT: "Whose?" Instructor: "It's yours!"  (gives the candy)
Instructor: (Lays candy in front of child)  "Say, 'Whose candy?'"   
STUDENT:  "Whose candy?" Instructor: "It's yours!"
Once the child is regularly asking "Whose?" with no prompting, mix in trials that the candy belongs to someone else intermittently.   
(candy laying in front of child)   
STUDENT:  "Whose candy?" Instructor: "It's Mommy's." (Mommy takes the candy)   

When?

STUDENT: "Can I have a cookie?"  Instructor: "Not right now. Say, 'When'"   STUDENT: "When?" Instructor: "As soon as we wash our hands!"  (Make sure initial "waiting time" is very short!)
Instructor: "We're going to the park! Say, 'When?'" STUDENT: "When?"   Instructor: "As soon as we finish this book!"
After "Where" questions are mastered, mix in "When".
Instructor:  "We're going someplace special today!"   
STUDENT: "Where are we going?"
Instructor: "To the zoo!  Say, 'When are we going to the zoo?'"   
STUDENT: "When are we going to the zoo?" (child's favorite place)   
Instructor: "Right after lunch!" (Do this while you're eating lunch, not right after breakfast!)

How?

Instructor: (has a new toy that is hard to run) "I know how to turn this on.  Say 'How?'"   STUDENT:  "How?"
Instructor: "Like this!" (Turn on but hide the "secret" from the child so you can get a few trials in!)
After no prompting is needed, just prompt the child to say, "How do you turn it on?", and demonstrate.
Instructor: (Has a container with a new fastener and a reinforcer inside.  Gives container to child.)
Instructor:  "Say, 'How do you open it?'"  
STUDENT: "How do you open it?"  
Instructor: "You have to turn it this way."  (opens and gives child the reinforcer.)

Can

(Child enjoys watching the instructor do silly things and regularly gives "contingent comments" with no prompting.)
Instructor:  "Let's play a game!  Can you do this?"  (does something silly for child to imitate)
STUDENT: "Yes I can!" (Imitates)   
Instructor: "That's silly! Now it's your turn."
STUDENT: "Can you do this?"  (performs a silly behavior for instructor to imitate)  Instructor:  "Yes, I can!" (Or, "No, I can't!"  if appropriate!)

Do / Does

Instructor: "We can go outside if everyone wants to.  Say, 'Do you want to go outside?'" (directing child to ask another child in the group of 3.)   
STUDENT: "Do you want to go outside?"  (continue with other children, hoping all will say yes!)
Instructor: "You can play ball if you find someone to play with.  Say, 'Do you want to play ball?'" (directing the child to approach another person)
STUDENT: "Do you want to play ball?"  (continue until you find someone that says, "yes")
These are just examples of the many activities that can be used to teach the child to ask questions.  The important things to remember are:
1) The information should not be known
2) he information should be "valuable" to the child.


作者: 玮玮    时间: 2008-7-22 22:29
标题: re:我也认为这些高级问句对孩子来说比较难,好...
我也认为这些高级问句对孩子来说比较难,好长时间了,还是掌握不了。
作者: 刘    时间: 2008-7-22 22:31
标题: re:各位老大,能用中文不?就算我水平低点儿,...
各位老大,能用中文不?就算我水平低点儿,你们也不能这么吊我胃口呀!我娘啊!急死我了!!!
作者: niuniuma    时间: 2008-7-23 11:39
标题: re:非专业的,融入了个人理解,多多包涵。...
非专业的,融入了个人理解,多多包涵。

什么(教孩子学会提问“什么”)


老师带一个纸袋子。里面放孩子喜欢的东西,如小玩具,软糖,书。
老师摇一摇纸袋子,或者把里面(机动)玩具启动,来激发孩子想知道里面是什么。
如果孩子看起来有好奇感,提示他/她说,“里面是什么?”或者“什么在袋子里?"
老师然后从袋子里把东西拿出来,并说这是(强化物的名称)。并把此物交给孩子。

老师给孩子一系列他已掌握名称的实物,如果孩子成功命名几个之后,把电影打开。
在下一轮学习中,老师给孩子一个他叫不出名称的东西。老师看到孩子不能命名实物时,提醒他提问什么,或这是什么?如果孩子仿说,就告诉他实物名称,然后把电影重新打开。

对孩子用很低的声音说,当孩子看着你,好像他听不见你在说什么,并且他真地想知道你在说什么时,提示他提问,“你在说什么?”如果他提问了,就告诉他“我刚才说,我这有巧克力要给你”。然后就给他巧克力(或者其他江上如玩具)。

老师给孩子一个复活节蛋,老师摇一摇蛋,让孩子听见蛋里面装有东西。等一下,直到孩子看起来想知道里面是什么的时候,提醒孩子问“里面是什么?”然后告诉他里面是什么,然后打开蛋让孩子得到里面的东西。

把你的电话铃声改成一首新歌,或者孩子以前没听到过的铃声。把电话藏在房屋某处。安排好别人此刻给你打电话。当你看到孩子在找声音的来源时,提醒他提问,“这是什么声音?”然后告诉孩子这是你的电话,并指给他看电话。如果他愿意接电话,可以让他接电话。

孩子在楼下时,让楼上的人敲击地板,孩子听见此声音。如果孩子四处找声音的来源时,提示他提问,“这是什么声音?”治疗师然后告诉孩子这是什么动作的结果,如“你的哥哥在楼上拍篮球。”然后让孩子和哥哥一起玩。



在哪里(教孩子学会提问“在哪里”)

给孩子一个盒子,里面有强化物,如糖。说,“这是给你的”。
给孩子两次里面有强化物的盒子。第三次,盒子是空的,却要和孩子说“我有糖给你”。
如果注意到孩子在盒子里面找糖,提示“在哪?”或“糖在哪里?”
告诉孩子在哪里找糖。比如“在你的椅子下面”。

从麦当劳叫快餐,把薯条偷偷拿出来,别让孩子看见。
孩子打开快餐盒,会发现薯条不见了,却只有空的薯条盒子。
如果孩子却是注意到薯条不见了,提醒她问“薯条哪去了?”如果他提问了,就告诉她在哪找薯条。比如,薯条在袋子里啊,你看。

偷偷地把孩子的电影碟都从柜子上取走。然后告诉孩子去看电影。
孩子去找影碟时,打开柜子门,结果一个影碟也没有了。
提示孩子提问,“电影在哪里?”只要孩子问了,就马上告诉她到哪里去找电影。

快上学的时候,把孩子的书包藏起来。当孩子去通常放书包的地方去拿书包时,找不到。提示她问“我的书包在哪里?”然后告诉他到哪里去找书包。

把孩子的火车玩具从玩具箱里拿走。当孩子打开玩具箱时,当他发现玩具不见时,立刻提示他问“我的火车在哪里?”如果他提问了,告诉他火车在哪里,如火车在衣柜里。

邀请孩子一起来桌面玩,但是没有椅子。提示孩子问“椅子在哪里?”

给孩子一碗麦片粥或冰激凌,但是不给勺子。如果孩子去抽屉里找,也事先把勺子藏起来,孩子找不到勺子,提示他问“勺子在哪里?”然后告诉他勺子放在哪里。

老师给孩子午餐,但是没有餐具。确定孩子在找餐具,有了足够的动机,提示问:"勺子在哪?叉子在哪?”
(如果孩子无所谓有没有餐具,根本就用手吃了,就不适合做教学)

发给孩子一套手工原料,里面却一个必要的东西(如胶水,剪子)。等孩子需要胶水时,提示他问:“胶水哪去了?”如果提问了,就告诉他到哪去找胶水。

叫孩子来玩乐高游戏,但是只给一个组件,提示孩子问:“其余的组件呢?”

给孩子一个空的他喜欢的电脑游戏光牌的盒,孩子打开盒子,注意到光碟不见了,提示他提问“游戏盘哪去了?”然后告诉他游戏盘在哪。

学校中午吃饭,只给孩子午餐盒,里面没有午餐,当孩子打开午餐盒,发现没有午餐时,提示“我的午餐在哪?”如果孩子提问了,就告诉他午餐在哪。

玩具一套中,把孩子最感兴趣的一小件给藏起来,然后给孩子发玩具玩。当孩子看起来好像察觉那个小件不见时,提示他问:“那个(小件名)哪去了?”




为什么?(提问为什么)

孩子在做其他活动时,老师把椅子放在桌子上面。请孩子过来。提示孩子问:“为什么椅子在那里?”老师然后说“我刚才扫地”。然后递给孩子强化物。

和孩子玩的时候,忽然站起来穿上大衣戴上帽子。当孩子看着你,仿佛在奇怪时,提示他问“为什么戴帽子穿衣服?”一旦孩子提问,就回答“因为我们要去公园玩”。(夏天可以戴帽子和太阳镜)。

在玩的当中,停止,告诉孩子去洗手,提示孩子问“为什么?”。一旦他问了,就说你们要吃一个好吃的小吃。

吃饭时,把一个非食品放在孩子的盘子里,提示孩子问“为什么这样做”。然后假装是搞错了,给孩子换一个盘子。

告诉孩子要看电影了。然后把光碟拿出来,放到冰箱里。如果孩子看见了,提示他问为什么。然后告诉他你忘了要做什么了,结果是想把冰激凌拿出来,看电影的时候吃。

让妈妈用手走路,如果孩子注意到了,提示孩子问,为什么?然后告诉他你在玩,邀孩子和你一起玩。

孩子在看电视(或其他他喜欢的事情),把电视关掉。提示孩子问,为什么要关掉,老师说,我们要出去玩了。(选一个比看电视更吸引孩子的事作)

给孩子一把钥匙,不告诉他干什么,如果孩子看起来很迷惑,让他问为什么。告诉他这可以打开一个礼品盒。

把玩具熊放在吊扇上,如果孩子察觉了,让他问为什么熊在那里,回答因为我想让他飞。

小孩在洗澡间洗澡,把灯关上,(别让孩子害怕)提示问“为什么关灯”,然后说“我想让你看黑暗中发光的小玩具“

把电动玩具的电池拿出来,然后按按键,结果不响不动,提示问“为什么不响啊”然后告诉他“它需要新的电池了”然后把电池放进去。

到外面玩,没下雨,却带一个伞打开,如果孩子看着你,让他问,为什么用伞,然后说"我还以为在下雨呢”,或者用雨伞做个游戏。。

帮孩子穿衣服,把袜子川手上,如果他注意到了,让他问,为什么这样做,然后告诉他你在开玩笑,或者说想做袜子木偶。
作者: 老枪    时间: 2008-7-23 11:44
标题: re:谢谢niuniuma,我也报个名,负责3...
谢谢niuniuma,我也报个名,负责3楼孙得宝那篇,只是要慢很多。
作者: 秋爸爸    时间: 2008-7-23 12:18
标题: re:好嘛,niuniuma一带头,老枪一挽袖...
好嘛,niuniuma一带头,老枪一挽袖子,以后我再也不贴英文的了。
老枪已经作了表率,以后谁拽英文谁负责,须连人名都要中国化。

现只好跟着慢慢地先搞那19楼,就是不知道那是谁写的,暂算郝思嘉写的吧。
作者: book    时间: 2008-7-23 13:07
标题: re:辛苦各位了,呵呵。
辛苦各位了,呵呵。

作者: 老枪    时间: 2008-7-24 09:53
标题: re:再说一个How的问句。陪儿子看他...
再说一个How的问句。

陪儿子看他的电视,里面一个小女孩不停地问妈妈,how do you love me? how do you love me? 妈妈不禁被问出感慨来了,哗啦哗啦道出一段话,不多不少,刚好14句。

How do I love thee? Let me count the ways.
I love thee to the depth and breadth and height
My soul can reach, when feeling out of sight
For the ends of Being and ideal Grace.
I love thee to the level of everyday's
Most quiet need, by sun and candle-light.
I love thee freely, as men strive for Right;
I love thee purely, as they turn from Praise.
I love thee with the passion put to use
In my old griefs, and with my childhood's faith
I love thee with a love I seemed to lose
With my lost saints, -- I love thee with the breath
Smiles, tears, and all my life -- and, if God choose,
I shall but love thee better after death.

【译文】zz

我是怎样地爱你?让我逐一细算。
我爱你尽我的心灵所能及到的
深邃、宽广、和高度--正象我探求
玄冥中上帝的存在和深厚的神恩。
我爱你的程度,就象日光和烛焰下
那每天不用说得的需要。我不加思虑地
爱你,就象男子们为正义而斗争;
我纯洁地爱你,象他们在赞美前低头。
我爱你以我童年的信仰;我爱你
以满怀热情,就象往日满腔的辛酸;
我爱你,抵得上那似乎随着消失的圣者
而消逝的爱慕。我爱你以我终生的,
呼吸,微笑和泪珠--假使是上帝的
意旨,那么,我死了我还要更加爱你!

-----------------------------------------------
Lovaas 罗勿施; ABA 阿八疗法; QBB 十二-乙-乙



作者: 秋爸爸    时间: 2008-7-24 21:02
标题: 简译19楼的主要内容。
简译19楼的主要内容。英文好的请纠错。

Pre-requisite Skills
孩子已具备的能力:
孩子能够对大量的物品和活动提出索要。有说孩子须能用形容词介词来成句子地描述或提要求,也有反过来说教提问可促进形容词介词的学习。重要的要搞清楚孩子能否区分不同问题的应用场合,故提问的教学顺序要个别化。孩子不能区分场合,那就教他留心前后语境。做不到,就打基础晚点儿再教。

Why do People Ask Questions?
人为什么要提问?

首要功能是获取所需信息,上档次的还可用来套磁,有问有答才能维持对话。
普通英文孩子常发’dat?’作为生来的第一个提问,对此的ABA的解释是,孩子从大人的反应中得到了大人给与的强化--回答和关注。孩子对环境感兴趣,他经历了学习,以此在寻求信息,词语的功效强化了孩子。

Is my child/student already requesting information?
孩子开始要求获取信息了吗?


首先要留心什么强化了孩子的行为。我们的孩子常通过手指、触摸来物品来表达要求,看上去是在“寻求信息”,可眼睛却不看你。你报出该物体的名称,这就是在强化他这个的行为。如,有的孩子很爱手指数字让你念给他。若你念,他也能指,但他没却语言。他索要物品的办法总是拉大人到物体处。其实这都不算寻求信息,这是在寻找工具。虽然孩子这么做显示出表达要求的功能,但本节目标是教提问,须更进一步。

对这个孩子,可以结合他能够手指或拉人表达要求的技能,我们教他提高一步。
首先,我们从他已经会的入手(他指我说)。然后,我们作停顿,等他看我后,再报出他指的数字。接下来,把数字作成小卡片,教他先把想让我报的数字递给我,我再报(这就是图片交换系统PECS了)。最后,鼓励他平时拿出图片递给大人,就和他玩数字卡片。
这项技能很有功能,孩子可以用图片来索要游戏活动,比此前大有进步。
还可把制好的图片甚至文字卡片泛化到积木音乐等活动(PECS)。

很重要的一点,既便孩子在使用问句,我们也须分辨清楚,他是在索要信息?还是在索要特定的物品或活动?比如他说“你要看电视吗?”,其实根本就不在乎问你的回答,而等同于“我要看电视”。这种鹦鹉学舌的形成本身是有个错误的学习历程的,因为他每回拉着妈妈手到电视按钮处,妈妈都这么问他,他如此学舌,然后才开机。如此反复强化出来的问题是,孩子使用了错误的语言来实现他的目标。
正确方法应该是,大人说“我要看__”,等孩子填空说“电视”,再开。
如此强化可以避免让他鹦鹉学舌,且他可以将独立的词汇与具体的事物挂钩(命名),这样的语言就很具功能。能做大量填空后才提示他整句表达“我要看电视”。
当孩子能够对很多物品回答“这是什么?”,并对提问者作主动关注之后,我们就可以渐进地教他用“打开电视”“我们看电视吧”等不同句子来表达开电视的要求。
注意,有时孩子说“我要看电视”,大人也还不能确定孩子是要求开电视呢,还是仅仅为了引起我们的关注。

也有的孩子常不把问句真正用来获取信息。比如,他站在球前问“我的球在哪里?”。因为孩子被错误强化过,他知道问句更能引发他人关注,即便答案就在眼前。另一种情况是孩子在通过模仿来教提问的训练中被错误地强化了,例如孩子自己看着熟悉的全家福自问“这是谁?”。这些都不是在寻获信息。
矫正方法最好是辅助孩子留心前后语境中,从中使用正确的词汇,并给与强化。要提供各种机会练习并渐撤辅助,适当地刺激,教孩子分辨不同的语境。例如,对上面那个孩子,辅助(教复述并教他手指图片)说“看,爸爸在这里”“这是奶奶”等等,并渐撤辅助。同时,按楼下一层中介绍的方法,开始教孩子在他需要信息的条件下提问“谁?”
作者: binfeng2000    时间: 2008-7-25 02:37
标题: re:[QUOTE][b]下面引用由[u]老枪...
下面引用由老枪发表的内容:

再说一个How的问句。

陪儿子看他的电视,里面一个小女孩不停地问妈妈,how do you love me? how do you love me? 妈妈不禁被问出感慨来了,哗啦哗啦道出一段话,...



这老枪译了一把十四行诗,也终于让我明白了,这老枪就是那个"5i52",除了他,这里还没人有这个能耐,不信我们打赌?
作者: lishan0926    时间: 2008-7-25 11:35
标题: re:不太回忆得起怎样教儿子问问题了?他现在十...
不太回忆得起怎样教儿子问问题了?他现在十分十分喜欢问问题,甚至我们的对话主要以问句形式开始展开,他可能以为这就是对话方式。例如:回来之后,他坐在沙发上,我走过来,他会说;我为什么坐在沙发上吗?  他用杯子喝水,会问:我为什么用杯子喝水呀? 自己玩荡秋千,会问:我为什么荡秋千呀? 他用为什么这样的问句来和我沟通交流。似乎偏离了问句本身的意义。我很注意不问孩子明知故问的问题?可是幼儿园老师讲课时,会用求知性的问句启发孩子?例如:大家看,老师拿的是什么?NT的孩子自然明白这是什么意思?回答就完了。可是我的儿子回家就指着自己的画问:这是谁画的画呀???我反问:你说那?他^_^笑,自己回答自己的名字。基于这一点,我认为教问句的要领在于教者和孩子有信息沟(孩子有未知要问,在家创设这种情景),有第三者辅助,否则教会了也有麻烦?--他不知道使用的社会内涵。
作者: 老枪    时间: 2008-7-25 11:46
标题: re:QBB和冯版真是有默契:前面的那个刚问了...
QBB和冯版真是有默契:前面的那个刚问了一个“谁?”,这边就把5i52抓出来了。打赌我奉陪,All in.

说起来我是台湾资料的爱好者,这次不慎贴了个英文的实在是超出了能力,多亏niuniuma和QBB这两位老同学百忙中帮我收拾残局,热泪盈眶。下面是3楼孙得宝文章的简要介绍,限于水平,信达雅是不用指望了,努力忠实原文而已。

---------------------------------

mand,tact,intraverbal这几个词好像是史金纳造出来的,旨在避免日常的俗词在描述语言的功能时可能会引起的歧义。mand大致和demand,command接近,是指要求强化物。做过阿八疗法的人都知道,强化物是个很广的概念,相应的mand的范畴也很宽,它的对象可以是物,人,活动,社会性的认同,以及信息。tact 可能来源于contact,是指认或命名当前环境下的名称,属性,位置,动作,等等。顾名思义,intraverbal主要是指由他人语言引发的回答问题,对话等等。

既然是刻意造出来的词,翻译时也应该编出新的中文,比如“曼得”,“塔可特”,太麻烦,还是保留原文吧。下面是几个例子:
1 听见飞机声,你说,飞机
2 我说“北京”,你说,奥运
3 闻到烤鸭的味道,你说,烤鸭
4 吃烤鸭的同时, 你说,mmm,mmm,mmm,...
5 我说,说两种动物,你说,猫,狗
6 看见猫和狗,你说,猫,狗
7 看到柜台里的钻戒,你说,好漂亮啊

(1346tact 25 intraverbal 7 LG或BF不在旁边,tact,否则,mand)

对于实在事物(物品,活动等)mand的训练相对简单,孩子只要对mand的对象本身有一定的兴趣和得到它的愿望,就可以。而对信息的mand,孩子首先要有一定的基础,孙得宝的文章里提到的3个小孩在训练WH问题之前,大概有300个左右的tact,100-200个intraverbal(儿歌,个人信息,背字母表,回答简单问题等),很会要东西,并且有较好的仿说概念和能力。其次,正如QBB前面讲到的,孩子要对信息本身产生渴望,而要做到这一点,需特别注重EO的培养。

EO是Establishing Operation 的缩写,我查了一下它的翻译,台湾有人译作“建立操作的关系”,大陆则是“已形成事件”,都是让人越发糊涂的提法。其实,E中文读“一”,O是一个圆圈,放在一起,异缘。下面举个具体的例子来说明。

比如早晨你正准备吃饭,老公和你大吵了一架,你气呼呼地饿着肚子就出门了,路上想,怎么嫁了这么一个,还是以前的初恋情人好。上了地铁,你突然发现坐在对面的一位小姐特顺眼,让你火气顿消,而且开始盯着那人看,只想和她套磁。假设你不是蕾丝边,那小姐长得也实在普通,那么你的举动是不是怪异了一点呢?这里,异缘在起作用。日常生活里,有时候某件平常对你只有一般强化作用甚至没有强化作用的物件,在特定的环境下由于某种特殊的理由,变得具有极强的强化作用。这个特殊的理由就是“异缘”(EO)。


首先,你一般不会想起你的初恋情人,因为他借了你三毛五分钱始终没还,但是由于吵架事件,老公的面目狰狞了,于是想起了他。吵架是异缘1.其次,地铁上的小姐刚好身体的某个部位很像你的clqr,比如嘴角,都是笑的时候很有特点地向下拉,这一天这一刻,你的初恋情人变成了异缘2,促使你目不转睛看着人家的嘴角。第三,你没吃早饭,很饿,而这位小姐刚好是包子铺的,身上有浓郁的包子气息,促使你向她贴近。饿是异缘3.3个加在一起,可以演绎一出浪漫故事了。对于自闭症儿童来说,开始主动提WH问题也是件很浪漫的事情,只不过在你身上,异缘是无声无息地起作用,而教育孩子需要筹划,创造一些特定的场景来激发孩子来产生EO。

孙得宝的文章具体讲的是where 和 who 的问题,后者以前者为基础。问一个东西在哪里,有两个必要条件:1 你需要它, 2 你找不到它。

孙得宝提到的具体操作步骤如下
(1)测定基线--确定孩子不会问where的问题
(2)准备阶段
把一个玩具放到一个盒子里,摆到他眼前,说:把玩具拿出来吧。孩子会依言打开盒子,拿出玩具玩儿一会。过段时间,玩具收起,让孩子干一些别的事情。稍后,再把盒子拿回,放到他眼前,再取出。如此反复,持续一节课。
(3)训练
在新的一个训练单元开始时,给孩子带玩具的盒子,告诉他拿出XX,玩儿一会。把玩具收走,过片刻,再把盒子拿回,老师指令:把XX拿出。孩子打开盒子,却发现里面是空的,在他纳闷的时候,提示:“说,XX在哪儿?” (逐渐消退这个提示。Where这个句式仿说相对容易,what可能会难一点,实在不行可以在准备阶段先练仿说。)如果孩子跟着说了,告诉他玩具藏的地点(最后远一点),让他自己去拿。重复。

这里,盒子里先装玩具,再拿空盒子去问的目的就是为了营造一个EO,利用这个EO促使孩子去问问题,再辅以适当的差别强化和辅助,逐渐达到教学目的。在试验中,孙得宝试图再增加一个EO因素,即在盒子里分别放上孩子很喜欢的玩具和一个一般的物件,然后看教学效果。

参加Where训练的有两个孩子,分别5岁和6岁,都被诊断位自闭症。小孩A最喜欢长颈鹿,小孩B最喜欢的是青蛙,当然都是塑料的。作为一般物件,选用的都是一塑料杯。结果表明,对于A,使用长颈鹿时习得提问能力的速度远高于用塑料杯。而对于B,却没有这个情况,反倒是用塑料杯比青蛙的效果更好一些。进一步的观察发现,在教学过程中,B新发明了一个玩儿法,即把塑料杯牢牢地吸在嘴上,然后“嘟”地把它吹掉(一种自我刺激),其实是杯子的强化作用此时超过了青蛙。

从不会到掌握,大至用了9-12个训练单元。

在孩子们掌握了提where问题后的一年,孙得宝又对他们进行了who的训练(不知道这一年的其他时间干了些什么),方法与上类似,只是当孩子问东西在哪里时,不告诉他地
点,而告诉他是在旁边坐着的3位老师中的一个,引诱他问who。从不会到掌握,大至用了10个训练单元。










作者: LittleKoala    时间: 2008-7-25 12:37
标题: re:[QUOTE][b]下面引用由[u]bi...
下面引用由binfeng2000发表的内容:
这老枪译了一把十四行诗,也终于让我明白了,这老枪就是那个"5i52",除了他,这里还没人有这个能耐,不信我们打赌?

冯版,没人跟你打赌。回头看了一下5i52的贴子,风格太象了,不是一个人,也是亲兄弟。两个人的贴子都很有见地,读了很有启发,很有帮助。

后记,发完了,才读了老枪的上一个贴子。再补一句:有见过被抓住的(不管做什么)主动承认的吗?
作者: 老枪    时间: 2008-7-25 19:21
标题: re:niuniuma悄无声息地又把where...
niuniuma悄无声息地又把where译好了放在23楼,向她学习,这里是How的相关译文:

怎样做?

教怎样做问题首先要确认孩子在示范后有能力去做,其次,如果他主动在试着做,不要提示他去问问题。

把孩子喜欢的东西放在一个有小机关的盒子里,当他试图开而未果时,提示: 说,怎么打开?如果他仿说了,告诉他开的方法,大人不要动手,让孩子自己去做。

把玩具的电池拆下来,让他去装,装不好时,提示他问。

给他种子,花盆,泥土,让他种花,他不会时,提示他问。

拿那种蹭一下轮子(向前或向后)就能跑的玩具车给孩子玩,让他试着去开,当有困难时,提示他问。

拿两个相同的变形金刚玩具,大人一个,小孩一个;大人先变出一个形状,让小孩子跟着学,有困难时,提示他问。

小孩想吃爆米花时,给他一袋生的,让他到微波炉里去做。孩子无从下手时,提示他问,告诉他朝向,怎样设时间,按哪个按钮。

孩子想用铅笔时,给他一只没削过的和卷笔刀,让他自己去干,有困难时,提示他问。

上发条的玩具。

拿几份复写纸(好久没看见这东西)夹在白纸里,这样画一个图就会得到几份相同的复印件,显示给孩子,若显示出兴趣,另拿几张,让他也做。有困难时,提示他问。

拿一堆Lego积木,说,让我们搭个吊车;提示孩子问:怎么做呢?然后显示给他看。

告诉孩子,我们来做饼干,给他面粉,牛奶,等等,但不告诉他怎么做。有困难时,提示他问。

变魔术。把一个开关在电线上的台灯放到桌上,开关藏在桌下,不让孩子看见。大人左手往灯罩上一放,右手同时悄悄地在桌下打开开关;左手再拿开,灯就灭了。吸引孩子注意力后,...

偷扎气球。气球吹好,扎紧。偷偷地扎个洞,让气球飞。给孩子另一个气球,说,你也这样飞。因为孩子不知你做的手脚,茫然时,提示他问。
作者: 秋爸爸    时间: 2008-7-25 20:59
标题: 欢庆奥运,维基解禁

实例:

autism:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism
疗法: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism_therapies
ABA: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis
VB:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_Behavior
ABBLLS:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assessment_of_Basic_Language_and_Learning_Skills

我们的口号就是:只贴链接,不贴英文。
哼,链接过去也全是英文,不是我歧视英文不好的,要怪只能往上怪,就是火炬直接传到国家语委,中文版维基也不会被解禁的。

也许该放到好网站那边去,要看抓紧,谁知道9月之后还能看不。
作者: 老枪    时间: 2008-8-2 06:15
标题: re:[B]看奥运广告,学阿八疗法[/B] ...
看奥运广告,学阿八疗法

1 刻板行为的浪漫展望
穿大人的鞋,倒着走,转圈,脚尖走路,趴在地上玩轮子...
http://www.youtube.com/v/XBfvyXpuTw8&hl=en&fs=1

2 生活中训练-- 时刻准备着
http://www.youtube.com/v/N5RcFqrIrc8&hl=en&fs=1

3 EO的产生
一个人对你微笑时,你觉得愉快;两个人对你微笑时,你觉得幸福;三个人,四个人对你微笑时,你开始纳闷;五六七八,啊啊,出什么事情啦?
http://www.youtube.com/v/-h5yoDG-ZQk&hl=en&fs=1

4 一定要避免的训练方式
http://www.youtube.com/v/38Lv_ul5l6w&hl=en&fs=1
作者: 秋爸爸    时间: 2008-8-3 14:09
标题: re:看了,乐了。1,忘掉盖茨,股票还买中...
看了,乐了。
1,忘掉盖茨,股票还买中石化/油,自闭症最大的慈善捐助人以后肯定是石油公司!
2,自闭症倾向者,认物不认人,不怕,就怕还会柔道。
3,放心吧,奥运界内,>0.5cm的砖缝都填了,就怕卡高跟鞋,除非张斌专挖的,他眼神的EO有点儿...那个。
4,横-园-翔,好好好!
作者: 老枪    时间: 2008-9-13 10:02
标题: re:楼上厉害,奥运会前就看出张斌的眼神不对了...
楼上厉害,奥运会前就看出张斌的眼神不对了。

本来想在这个帖子上再加一点内容,只是现在100楼一页实在太累,而且万一说错点什么,就全封了。自己写得倒无所谓,对不住帮我的NMM和QBB。所以先打住。

NMM在23楼新加的“为什么”的训练里,主要是营造一些奇怪的场景,从而提升孩子问为什么的EO。和这个相关,有一类“挑M病”训练,属于中级的Tact。当然,前提是这些形容词已经掌握,教的时候要用实物演示,并留意孩子的情绪。 http://establishingoperationsinc.com/pdfs/Tacts_of_obvious_problems.pdf

拿倒了
烤焦了
卡住了
弄痛了
打破了
电池没电了
太小(大)了
太重了
太凉了
太烫了
太冷了
太热了
人太多了
太吵了
脏了
没了
丢了
累了
破了
旧了
太迟了
太早了
痒痒
太紧了
弄湿了




作者: 田田妈妈    时间: 2008-9-16 11:21
标题: re:老枪弃文从教了,粉丝赶超秋爸爸
老枪弃文从教了,粉丝赶超秋爸爸
作者: 老枪    时间: 2008-9-22 09:47
标题: re:田田MM一挖苦,心急上火,差点又...
  
田田MM一挖苦,心急上火,差点又走进Lady room. 老着脸皮接着写。下面这个表格还是3楼链接里的内容,因为时间关系,用google翻译的,因为是词组,大致能看。错误当然有,以后慢慢改吧。还有一类是吃的,太危险,谁知道会出什么问题,不写了。
  
1 视觉强化物  

T.V. / movies t.v. /电影
Computer games 电脑游戏
Video games 视频游戏
Wind-up toys 风玩具
Tops / spinners 顶部/纺纱厂
Flashlight 手电筒
Toys that light up 玩具灯
Hologram stickers 全息图贴纸
Kaleidoscope 万花筒
Mirrors 镜子
Picture books 图画书
Pop-up books 弹出式的书籍
Toys with wheels (i.e. cars) 玩具车轮(即汽车)
Car or marble ramps 汽车或大理石的斜道
Train & train track 列车与列车追踪
Pop-up toys 弹出式玩具
Jack-in-the-Box 杰克-在- -方块
Balloons 气球
Puppets 木偶
Glittery or shiny stickers glittery或闪亮的贴纸
Crayons or markers 蜡笔或标记
Party poppers (contain confetti) 党的poppers (包含confetti )
Chalk & chalkboard 粉笔与黑板
Markers & marker board 标记及标记董事会
Magic Slate or Magnadoodle 魔术板岩或magnadoodle
Egg timer 鸡蛋计时器
Waterwheels waterwheels
Stamps & stamp pad 邮票及邮票垫
Painting 绘画
Paint with water books 涂料与水的书籍
Parachute men 降落伞男子
Glow-in-the-dark objects 辉光在- -黑暗中的物体
Viewfinder 取景器
Figurines from a favorite theme 俑从最喜爱的主题
(Specify: _______________________ (注明: _______________________
Snow globes 雪金球奖
Shadow play 皮影戏
Disc shooter 射击游戏光盘
Stopwatch 秒表
Beads 珠
Masks 口罩
Dress-up clothes / costumes 着装的后续衣服/服装
Hats 净化海港计划
Pouring liquids 浇注液体
Making photo copies 照片副本
Cameras / taking photographs 相机/拍照
Videocameras / making movies videocameras /制作电影
Puzzles 拼图
  
  
2 听觉强化物  
Music tapes / C.D.’s 音乐磁带/ C.D.氏
Books with sound effect strips 图书与声音效果带
Whistles 哨子
Bells 钟声
Drum & drum sticks 鼓与鼓枝
Triangle 三角
Rhythm sticks 节奏棒
Cymbals 钹
Piano 钢琴
Toys that talk or sing 玩具,通话或唱歌
Singing songs 唱歌
Microphone 麦克风
Party blowers 党鼓风机
Canisters that make animals sounds 滤毒罐,使动物的声音
Clackers Clackers
Therapist’s voice: whisper 治疗师的声音:耳语
Therapist’s voice: excited yell 治疗师的声音:兴奋大叫
Therapist’s voice: high pitch 治疗师的声音:高球场
Therapist’s voice: low pitch 治疗师的声音:低沥青
Toys that beep or buzz 玩具,蜂鸣或铃声
Nursery Rhymes 童谣
Music Box 音乐盒
Clapping 掌声
Kazoo Kazoo
  
3 触觉强化物  
Stress balls 应力球
Lotion 洗剂
Shaving cream 剃须膏
Play-doh 播放卫生署
Clay 粘土
Putty 腻子
Silly-string 愚蠢的弦
Sand play 砂发挥
Water play 发挥水
Bubble wrap 泡沫包装
Books with textured illustrations 与质感的书籍插图
Pipe-cleaners or Wikki-Stix 管清洁工或Wikki - Stix
Toys that bend or stretch 玩具,弯曲或伸展
Toys that are rubbery 玩具是胶状
Koosh-balls Koosh球
Finger painting 手指画
Bumble ball 弄糟球
Vibrating pen 振笔
Pom-poms 棒,简明心境
Puffy paint 吹牛涂料
3-D glue 三维胶水
Glitter 格里特
Magnets 磁体
Water balloons 水气球
Bean bags 豆袋
Feathers / feather duster 羽毛/羽毛掸子
Pillows 枕头
Soap bubbles 肥皂泡
Tickling Tickling
Ball pit 球坑
Fan 范
Crumpling / tearing paper Crumpling /撕毁文件
Massage 按摩
  
  
4 运动强化物  
Trampoline 蹦床
Bouncing on therapy ball 治疗弹跳球
Rolling on floor 滚动地板
Being held upside down 被关押倒
Spinning 纺纱
Sock-em Boppers 袜子,旅馆Boppers
Moon Shoes 月球鞋
Sit & Spin 坐在与自旋
Crawling on floor 检索地板
Running 运行
Jumping / hopping 跳跃/跳
Skipping 跳绳
Bicycle or tricycle 自行车或三轮车
Wagon rides 货车骑
Piggy-back rides 背驮式游戏机
Rocking chair / horse 摇椅/马
Dancing 舞蹈
Climbing 攀岩
Crashing into pillows 撞上枕头
Twister 龙卷风
Swinging 摆动
Rolling down a hill 滚下山
Being rolled up inside a blanket 被卷起毯子内
Crawling through tunnel 爬行通过隧道
Building a fort out of sofa cushions 建设一个堡垒的沙发靠垫
Rolling on stomach over large ball 对胃滚动大球
Scooter board 车板
Skate board 滑板板
Skates / roller blades 冰鞋/辊刀片
Throwing/kicking objects at targets 投掷/踢物体目标
Sliding down sliding board/ramp 滑下滑动板/坡道
Knocking down objects 撞倒物体
Hitting objects with bat or racquet 物体击中球棒或球拍
Batting at hanging objects 击球时悬挂物体
Bowling 保龄球
Golf 高尔夫
Air hockey 空气曲棍球
Being thrown in the air 被扔在空中
Hide & seek 隐藏&寻求
Tug-o-war 拔河邻战争

作者: 老枪    时间: 2008-9-22 09:59
标题: re:仍是3楼的链接,教物体的部件名称的,各位...
仍是3楼的链接,教物体的部件名称的,各位可以看看有没有不认识的单词。

Coat (zipper, pocket, button, hood, sleeve)
Mr. Potato Head (body parts)
Car (wheel, door, hood, window, trunk, horn, seatbelt)
Dog (ears, tail, fur, collar, nose)
Book (pages, binding, cover)
Shoe (laces, sole, tongue)
Duck (feathers, tail, bill, eyes)
Pencil (eraser, point, shaft, lead)
Phone (buttons, cord, numbers)
Toothbrush (bristles, handle)
Clock (numbers, hands, alarm)
Bike (handle bars, peddles, wheels, seat)
Cow (tail, spots)
Rollerblades (wheels, laces)
Backpack (zipper, handle, strap, pocket)
Bird (wings, beak, feet, eyes, tail)
Pizza (pepperoni, cheese, crust)
Bed (pillow, mattress, bedspread)
Shirt (buttons, sleeves)
Bathtub (water, bubbles, faucet)
Dresser (drawers)
Pants (zipper, button, pockets)
Pool (water, ladder)
Flag (stars, stripes)
Stomach (belly button)
Sink (faucet, handles)
Candle (wick, wax)
Pan (lid, handle)
Purse (strap, zipper)
Belt (buckle, holes)
Tree (leaves, trunk, branches, bark)
Cat (whiskers, fur, tail)
Tiger (stripes, claws)
Lamp (lightbulb, shade, cord, plug)
Police car (siren, lights, CB)
Door (knob, mail slot, hinge)
Piano (keys, pedal)
Radio (dial, antenna, cord, buttons)
Plane (wings, windows, landing gear)
Remote (buttons)
Pen (ink, point)
House (roof, window, door)
Foot (toes, nails)
TV (screen, plug, cord)
Fish (scale, fins, tail, gills)
Flower (stem, petal)
Airplane (wings, wheels, tail, nose)
Woody (hat, star, boots)
Computer (plug, screen, keyboard)
Ladybug (spots, legs, antennas)
Pencil (lead, shaft, eraser)
Bob the Builder (hat, hammer, boots)
作者: 老枪    时间: 2008-9-22 10:02
标题: re:[COLOR=#0000ff][SIZE...
我是不幸的,因为被洗过头。
我又是幸运的,因为被洗的不止我一个。


这种建立在别人痛苦之上的幸福观原本是我很不屑的,但实在找不到更好地减少砖头的办法,将就了。并声明,以下内容虽然主要抄袭教材,手册,或者笔记,但由于理解力的制约,只能是GRGD,如有与事实巧合处,纯属偶然。

大家知道,ABA是指应用行为分析,而行为分析的主要理论来源是史金纳(Skinner)1938年的著作 The Behavior of Organisms.史金纳研究对象主要是鸽子和白鼠,1949年一个叫福乐(Fuller)的把他的原理应用于人,应该算是ABA的开端。

当时有一个着严重发展障碍被称为“植物人白痴”的18岁男孩,日常生活的状态就是躺在那儿,基本不能动弹。照看他的医生们(全是西医)认为,他不可能学习任何东西,而且在过去的18年里也没学会过任何东西。福乐观察到,这个孩子的右臂很偶尔地会动一下。于是阿福把温热的甜牛奶装到注射器里,每当孩子右臂动一下时,他马上注射一点牛奶到孩子的嘴里。经过4个训练单元,这个孩子可以在一分钟内把右臂举3次。

早在1934年的时候,史金纳在一次宴会上刚好坐在了69岁的哲学家白首(Alfred North Whitehead)旁边,年仅30岁的他抓住机会兴致勃勃地向白先生推销自己的行为主义。白首承认这个理论也许能解释人类的大多数行为,但不包括语言行为,并以一个友好的抬杠问题结束了讨论,“你能否用你的理论解释我的这个行为:我坐在这里,说,这个桌子上没有黑蝎子。”

第二天大早晨,史金纳就写了一个大纲,然后花了20多年的时间把它填满,这就是他的第5本书,VerbalBehavior.又过了20年,1978年,史金纳说,现在看来这本书是我最重要的著作。话虽这样讲,Verbal Behavior 里的理论真正得到重视大概是到了80年代,以马捷可(Jack Michael)为代表的一些学者做了很多后续研究。具体到自闭症,主要是三个人,孙得宝(Sundberg),白停顿(Partington),以及 Vincent Carbone。前两个都是老马的学生,著作颇丰,比较有名的有ABLLS,Teaching language to children with autism or other developmental disabilities, 可以说是自闭症VB干预方法的创始人。Vincent 的主要活动区域在美国东部,加拿大,欧洲部分地区,以及上海,偶尔也自己背水去印度。他对VB在方法上的完善,推广贡献很大。在东部,有数以百计的BCBA直接或间接地源于他的门下。

以上忍不住八卦一下,个人爱好,见笑。

VB在教学内容的安排上主要依托ABLLS,在两种不同的环境下具体实施:高强度训练(DTT)及日常环境训练(NET)。当然这个形成不了特点,因为很多其他方法也用ABLLs,也有DTT,NET(也许叫不同的名字)。我自己的感觉,VB的长处在于 (1) 引入了史金纳的语言的功能性分类 (2)无差错零延迟辅助的桌面教学(DTT) (3)强调并优先引入mand教学。

先说第一点。以琳有个叫lily_d的网友谈自己对VB的感受时曾说,VB在很多的时候不需要泛化这一过程(大意如此)。原因可能在于,VB把需要泛化的内容已经分解成独立的教学任务。 关于语言按功能分类,31楼作个简单介绍,抄袭如下:

*****************
mand,tact,intraverbal这几个词好像是史金纳造出来的,旨在避免日常的俗词在描述语言的功能时可能会引起的歧义。mand大致和demand,command接近,是指要求强化物。做过阿八疗法的人都知道,强化物是个很广的概念,相应的mand的范畴也很宽,它的对象可以是物,人,活动,社会性的认同,以及信息。tact 可能来源于contact,是指认或命名当前环境下的名称,属性,位置,动作,等等。顾名思义,intraverbal主要是指由他人语言引发的回答问题,对话等等。

既然是刻意造出来的词,翻译时也应该编出新的中文,比如“曼得”,“塔可特”,太麻烦,还是保留原文吧。下面是几个例子:
1 听见飞机声,你说,飞机
2 我说“北京”,你说,奥运
3 闻到烤鸭的味道,你说,烤鸭
4 吃烤鸭的同时, 你说,mmm,mmm,mmm,...
5 我说,说两种动物,你说,猫,狗
6 看见猫和狗,你说,猫,狗
7 看到柜台里的钻戒,你说,好漂亮啊

(1346tact 25 intraverbal 7 LG或BF不在旁边,tact,否则,mand)
**********************************

这里没有提到的还有:receptive(接受性语言),echo(仿说),text(文字)。

比如“苹果”这个词,教小孩的时候,一般从mand入手,在他有EO的时候,举着苹果,诱导他说:苹果(mand)。给他。孩子吃了几口后,问他,这是什么?苹果(tact)。看孩子有点不想吃了的时候,大人说,给我苹果,小孩依言递过(大人mand,小孩 receptive)。接着大人把苹果藏在背后,默数3秒,问,你刚才吃的什么?小孩说,苹果(intraverbal)。

也许上面这个例子大家平常也会不经意地用到,但我想了解一些基本概念,然后系统的有意识的去扩展孩子不同功能方向上的语言,抓住生活中的点点滴滴,这个应该是最好的泛化。至于有人经常讲自闭症的核心问题是交流,假设这个观点是对的(AS也许,自闭症不见得,GRGD),再说一下苹果这个例子里的交流部分:mand肯定是交流,主动的tact可以视为初级的分享,intraverbal就是社交了。至于是否含情脉脉地相互凝望着,啊啊,看你怎么教了。不过这里还有一个从初级到高级逐渐进步的问题,比如mand刚开始的时候,都是很生硬的,直奔主题:我要钻戒。逐渐地,会学会礼貌,委婉:好好美丽的钻戒啊。

上面提到的第二点,有个帖子大概与其相关。
http://www.elimautism.org/leadbbs/a/a.asp?B=5&ID=279142&Re=1

关于mand,见以后的帖子。

作者: 田田妈妈    时间: 2008-9-22 17:25
标题: re:订~订~订正,声明是鼓励加期待老枪的教育...
订~订~订正,声明是鼓励加期待老枪的教育贴子,绝没有挖苦的意思---0%
怕打击了老枪,心急上火,说话都结巴了。^_^
作者: 我爱飞扬    时间: 2008-9-23 22:54
标题: re:我儿子五岁以前是不会问句。为了让他把问题...
我儿子五岁以前是不会问句。为了让他把问题从肯定句改成问句,花了不少精力,慢慢的他习惯发问了,
不过。。。。。。当他会问了以后,六岁以后全是问句。

他现在的为什么,比十万个为什么还多,有的时候,让人抓狂,除了一大堆的明知故问,就是一堆的高深加重复外加莫名其妙的问题,真正有营养有意义的问话并不多。

比如:跟着我老妈收看社会八卦的电视节目,看到有人得绝症了,引发的一系列故事,儿子开始发问:
   生病了怎么办?-----------------看医生呗.
   病太严重了怎么办?-------------医生会有办法治好的.
   那如果医生也治不好怎么办?--那也没办法,生老病死是平常的事情.不过,我们要注意我们的健康,比如,不挑食,爱卫生.(我针对他平常的缺点实时教育)
   那死了怎么办?(可见他的关注点根本不在这里,而是为了引出他最近极感兴趣的,关注死亡的话题.)-------儿子,明天好象有台风哎.(我赶紧转移话题)
   死了就没有了,就埋入泥土,变成灰尘了.(他喃喃自语,若有所思,结束发问)


   台风来了怎么办?--------不出房子,注意安全.
   不注意安全怎么办?---你说会怎么样?
   就会死的.------胡说,不注意安全可能受伤罗.
   受伤太严重了治不好怎么办?(!!!哎,又来了,他总能千方百计的给你绕回去)--所以我们要爱护我们的环境,这样就会减少这样的灾害天气.(我再转移)


   如果不注意保护环境会怎么样?------刚不是说了么,会增加大自然的灾害,地球会变暖.
   地球就会爆炸的!!!地球炸了就没有人类了(不知道他怎么想的)-----所以,我们要爱护环境啊.
   万一都不爱护环境了,地球爆炸了,就跑到外星球上去.(好象告诉过他,宇宙里应该会有其他星球也能生存人类)-----怎么去?
   坐火箭.(估计想起神六)-----------哦,好办法.
   占领别人的星球,会打仗怎么办?--------不会的,大家都爱好和平,会成为好朋友的,相互帮助,会生活得更好的.
   如果不能成为朋友呢?---------我不知道!(我开始抓狂)
   不能成为朋友就会打仗,打战就会死人!!!(终于又让他成功的绕回来了)

   ..................................


   以上对话真的一点都不夸张,只是原汁原味的截取了平时的几分钟对话而矣,如果话题不及时转移,类似没营养的话题还会不休止的进行下去,没有尽头.而每天,我都会应对他新的,感兴趣的话题,开始一轮又一轮的轰炸,斗智斗勇.
 

作者: 文文媽媽    时间: 2008-9-24 10:51
标题: re:豆豆妈:文的问问题方法跟豆一样哦。好象他...
豆豆妈:文的问问题方法跟豆一样哦。好象他们总是把问题想得最坏,我也抓狂啊。感觉好象他们对恐惧的事紧追不放,好象有总不安全想问个明白,有时也是不知该如何问话就在原话前加个“不”来引发你的回答。
作者: ajajaj    时间: 2008-9-24 14:42
标题: re:Gosh, 我这晕呀!老枪秋爸爸太有学问...
Gosh, 我这晕呀!老枪秋爸爸太有学问了!
回一楼,估计我问正常孩子"say, what is this!" or even "you say this -- WHAT IS THIS!"正常孩子也是要回答你的。不信我明天问问我老二。我觉得应该这样教,也是个人经验呀,不一定别的孩子适用。1)我拿着盒子,举到孩子面前,吸引他足够注意力了,就说"WWWWWWWWHHHHHH......",看他接茬吗,说"what 's this“吗。这个办法要在孩子多次听过这句话以后,如果孩子从不知道这句话他当然自己不会造句。2)我拿着孩子给爸爸,爸爸特别夸张的表现出他感兴趣,然后清楚大省的病确认孩子一定在场能听到地说“what's this“,我马上告诉爸爸是什么,并夸奖他问的好。可惜我跟俺老公没这么练过,都是老二配合我,或者非特地设定的,爸爸拿了什么东西,我主动装傻冲愣地问,给孩子做个示范。
其他家长说的孩子问问题,都是要看问题是否自发还是背台词,是出自好奇还是又一种重复行为。问好多为什么的,他真是想知道其中的奥妙吗?
我看最后一个家长,43楼的,是不是本人不懂得mand呀?孩子的所有这些文句都是希望你说个惨点儿的结果,这是不是inference的能力呢?不知我说得对不对,但我觉得这就好像正常孩子想吃一块糖但知道你不想给他,他可能会问个不停,“糖会不会话呀?这块糖是过期了吗?这糖辣吗?”你说他真关心这些问题还是他就想引起你注意这块糖,没准他问多了你就给他吃了?我认为是同理。
秋爸爸贴的英文,我认为when有两个意思,一个简单,一个难,你(抄录)列举的都是第一种,when do we have dinner? -- 6 oclock. when do we eat apple? -- after dinner.但还有一种when,比如when do we use umbralle? -- when it is raining. 这个和how差不多同时。
我又老生常谈,就举个例子,大家自己理解吧。我儿子早就会问where, 比如我们出去他问去哪里呀。东西丢了他问他的铅笔在哪里呀。可有一次他和小朋友一起上课出来,我说穿上外衣,那孩子(没自闭症)听见了就问他妈妈“我的外衣呢?”我特别感慨,我儿子还差远哪!他会问问题了,可是他根本不在乎别人的谈话内容也联想不到他的外衣,更不会因此发问。我从无数次这样的例子中改进自己的努力方向。
作者: 老枪    时间: 2008-9-24 19:24
标题: re:43楼,飞扬是谁?你没说爱豆豆,却说爱他...
43楼,飞扬是谁?你没说爱豆豆,却说爱他,为什么?

我猜,豆豆看了电视,可能有些触动,感觉人这个东西,搞不好或者严重了,就是要死的。然后他找到了3个例子,从条件到结论还有点距离,就拉你问问题来填充,或者是验证一下自己的想法,然后证明自己是对的(他的确是对的)。这样的对话应该还算有营养吧?当然你可问一下他的感受,死来临的时候怕不怕...

说起小孩怎样达到他的预期想法,我也有个例子,是我的一个侄儿,3岁半,NT。有一天他不乖,妈妈逗他,你再这样我去当别人的妈妈了,于是引出下面这段对话:

小:你去当谁的妈妈?
大:我去当隔壁小小的妈妈。
小:你当不了,小小有妈妈的。
大:一个小孩可以有不止一个妈妈
小:那你只能当后妈,后妈是不好的,我劝你别去。

作者: niuniuma    时间: 2008-9-25 00:38
标题: re:[QUOTE][B]下面引用由[U]我爱...
下面引用由[U]我爱飞扬[/U]发表的内容:

我儿子五岁以前是不会问句。为了让他把问题从肯定句改成问句,花了不少精力,慢慢的他习惯发问了,
不过。。。。。。当他会问了以后,六岁以后全是问句。

他现在的为什么,比十万个为什么还多,有的时...

我家也是十万个为什么。我都提醒她了,少问为什么,多问怎么how?因为那才更是关心别人感觉和别人做法的表现。

《用现代科学攻克自闭症》这本书说,很多语言强的自闭孩子说话很多,但是仔细听就会发现,“他们提问多,而回答少”。这和我家的一模一样。所以,真正的交流还要会调整自己,对别人的话题和问题感兴趣并参与回答。这是“有用吗”完了后下一个的问题。GRGD

作者: 老枪    时间: 2008-9-25 09:06
标题: re:[COLOR=#0909f7][SIZE...
论坛上经常有人问,孩子能力太低,从哪方面入手?

一个回答是多抱抱,多陪他玩,多带他出去溜溜。除此之外呢?常见的几个选择是简单模仿,简单配对,简单指令。据说这样做是考虑了自闭的孩子通常是视觉优先,而且教学顺序要贯彻理解先于表达的原则。

很难说这样做有什么不妥。不过你要是这样教一个NT小孩,他可能会问:老师,你为什么一会让我站起来,一会儿让我坐下去,一会儿拍怕手,一会儿跺跺脚?
老师:因为你这样做了我才能给你强化物,给你糖。
NT:我只要糖,我不要站起坐下拍手跺脚。
老师:你要什么?
NT:糖!
于是给他糖。

自闭症小孩的理解表达都是迟缓很多,可他要东西的愿望本质上和NT没有区别。VB的一个很重要特点是,在起步阶段(我的理解,头3个月或者更长)不教模仿配对指令,只教mand。当然,并不是说简单模仿,简单配对,简单指令不重要,也很重要,只是稍后再教。

孙得宝关于为什么优先教mand有很多论述。教授说话文绉绉的,滴水不漏,有兴趣的朋友可以自己去查。我的体会,有下面几个好处:
1 增加交流,树立老师的地位。
  老师不是一个命令你的坏人,而是给你各种各样东西的好人。
2 发展主动语言。
  配以及时的辅助消退,孩子可以很快地发展出诸如苹果不在眼前而主动提出“苹果”的要求。如果在稍后及时跟上intraverbal的教学,可以大大缩短以后可能出现的鹦鹉学舌阶段。
3 减少行为问题。
  这个是显而易见的,会表达愿望了,受挫机会自然下降了。
4 为以后发展打基础
有了mand训练的基础,再练接受指令,并由物件manding扩展开去的tact,intraverbal都是很容易的事情。如果有手语的底子,动作模仿也不在话下。
经常有人问,孩子发音不准怎么办?有人说应该练肌肉,拿小刷子在嘴里捣鼓。也许。不过对大部分小孩来说,在他mand的时候多引导,多示范就可以了。比如,小孩要气球,开始的时候可能是“七七”,先不急着纠正,接受,但还是要示范他正确的说法。过几个星期,当你觉得时机成熟了,可以提高要求。所谓无欲则刚,孩子没兴趣没动力的时候是很难对付的。而当他有EO,mand的时候,你教育的时机来了。
另外一个方面是句子扩展。糖--要糖--狗剩要糖--我要糖--行行好,能给我糖吗?这样的扩展都是在mand时逐渐达到的,需要多久,因人而异,我教得不好,用了一年时间。

5 容易教。
  为什么?试试就知道。

这里有一个问题,要是小孩不会说话,基本不会仿说,怎么去提要求,去mand?

两个选择,手语及PECS。如果没理解错的话,pecs应该是picture exchange communication system,在小孩理解有困难的时候,用图片去帮助他理解,这是很自然的事情,我自己也喜欢看小人书。可是如果把一堆图片随时带在身上,用它去表达要求,不合适。

孙得宝是这样说的:对于一些有严重脑损伤的孩子,他们不能仿说也不能控制他们的肢体完成模仿,可以考虑用指认系统来表达要求。指认方式根据孩子可以控制的肌肉群来决定,可以是头,嘴,眼睛,或者手。然而,在用这种方式之前,应该尽量首先尝试语言或手语的表达方式,因为它们与指认系统相比,交流的形式内容都要丰富得多。

就我在这个论坛上看到的,绝大部分(如果不是全部)都是要开口说话的,迟早问题。与其在那里等孩子开口再教孩子表达,不如手语先教起来。手语好处主要是:

1 孩子可能已具备一定的动作模仿能力。不过模仿能力不是教手语先决条件,最重要的是孩子要有动力。反过来,手语促进模仿能力是肯定的。
2 教师可示范,消退,以及全辅助。这点和PECS一样,在孩子能力不具备时,比硬逼仿说好。
3 和语言一样,不受环境器材限制。而且能迅速表达,不像PECS在一堆图片里摸摸索索好半天。
4 手语和语言是topography-based,每一个动作或声音代表一个不同的意思。而pecs,都是一个动作,指或换。很多研究显示,手语对语言的产生有促进作用。手语和语言一样,都有一个motor-planning 的机制,当你想表达的时候,你用大脑控制不同的肌肉,做出不同的动作,而不只是用眼睛。

当然,PECS的支持者也许会说,我也有很多论文...
作者: 老枪    时间: 2008-9-25 09:09
标题: re:如果确定了mand是训练的切入点,接下来...
如果确定了mand是训练的切入点,接下来是怎么实施的问题。

首先是教新的mand,选定目标,从不会到会。其次,是在生活中创造机会,让孩子运用他已掌握的mand。孙得宝的资料显示,一个3岁的NT,一天说的词大概有2万个。所以对于自闭症的孩子,仅仅是日常生活里注意一下是不够的,还需要高强度的训练。

在选择mand内容时,孙得宝给出了以下建议:
1 选择那些已是强化物的词语,而且是老师易于控制的东西
比如小食品,饮料;持续很短的活动,肥皂泡,挠痒痒;容易移去的东西,音乐,DVD;能分期分批给的东西,mmm(mini M&M),饮料在瓶子里,喝的时候倒一点点在杯子里。
2 选择音节在孩子仿说范围内的强化物。(能仿说的情况)
3 对于手语的小孩,不要开始教more,please 等,而是要教具体的物件名称或者大人的名字(称谓)。
4 不要同时教发音或动作接近的强化物。

以琳以前有人写过关于怎样教mand的帖子,虽然错误不少,但为尊重原作者起见还是全文照搬,并对他和QBB抬杠且故意将她写成女性表示愤慨。

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以教小孩提喝水要求为例。目标是让孩子觉得口渴时会找大人说:“水---”。当然这里说的是有典型自闭症的无语小朋友,至于其他类型,没实战过,不敢乱讲。

提要求训练一般是在日常生活环境(NET,即Natural Environment Teaching)下进行的。开始前,考虑三件事情:

1.训练者和小孩的关系

冰封2000在一个贴子里提到“治疗师一定要和孩子形成友好的,温和的相互关系”,ABA也有类似的要求,用的术语叫“Pairing”,即教师要始终如一地把自己和强化物的发送联系在一起。

早期的Pairing,主要是和小孩子一起玩,挠挠痒痒,颠一颠,吃点小零食之类。玩儿的同时,教师要说些相关的简单句子,就算孩子不懂,你的语音语调逐渐和有趣的活动联系在一起了。在这个阶段,所有的强化物(严格地讲,应是未来的强化物)都是免费的,尽量不要提出任何指令。同时也不要打断孩子正在进行的活动,如果他正玩儿自我刺激,温和地进行兴趣转移。

逐渐地,当你每次接近孩子时,他就知道好的有趣的让人兴奋的事情就要来了,期盼地看着你,主动接近你,Pairing 成功,可以考虑发指令了。这个过程所需的时间因人而异,快的半个小时,慢的也许要3,4个个训单元(2小时/单元)。训练的过程应该始终坚持Pairing,极端的提法是90% Pairing,10%指令,真正做到大概很难。目标应该是让训练者成为孩子的强化物,同时也要建立对孩子的指令控制(instructional control)。

2.提要求的形式

对于没有任何仿说能力的小孩,可以考虑手语和图片交换。我自己不大会用图片,但儿子在基地的教官用得很好。手语我教得还可以,鼎盛时期,儿子大概掌握了60个。后来开始说话,就不再比划了。宝宝爱因斯坦有一集  Baby Wordsworth (First words—around the house)特意请了妖艳的女演员Marlee Matlin 来做手语,不知地摊上是否盗货。

能够用语言当然最好。水(S-u-ei)这个音很难,但如果孩子能够仿说 uei,可以暂时用它替代,据SLP 讲,应该先练元音,再加辅音。
     
3.欲望,强烈的欲望

ABA有一个“铁律”:没有欲望不训练。渴了自然想喝水,很渴时则很想喝。我用的损招是在儿子喜欢的土豆片里撒点盐,让他自己吃。然后检验一下,在一个杯子里倒点水,放在小孩眼前,如果他急切地伸手过来,---很渴。

成功的Pairing,确定了孩子能仿说“uei”,很渴。让我们复习一下搂住说的四个错误后开始训练:(1)把强化物当作引诱物(2)重复指令(3)不及时辅助  (4)无意中对负面行为的强化。

下面是训练过程。

拿杯水,藏在背后,坐在小孩面前,----没反应
辅助,问:要喝水吗?------没反应
Begin
辅助,把水亮出,问:水?-----手伸过来了 ************************错误(1)
挡住小孩的手,要求:说“uei”---没反应,继续伸手
3秒后,盯住小孩,重复:“uei”------ 没反应,继续伸手 ***************错误(2)(3)
再过3秒,保持眼神交流,重复:“uei”----没反应,继续伸手***********错误(2)(3)
Consequence
把水给小孩!!!在他喝的同时,说:mmm,S-u-ei  *******************错误(4)?
End

因为杯子里只有一点点水,不能解渴,所以可以继续重复Begin—End这一段,只是一旦小孩说了“uei”,马上跳到consequence,并给以夸奖。当小孩连续三次能够仿说后,淡化辅助,只做口形不发音,不做口形,然后,水藏起来,等等。到后来,等待小孩反应的时间可能会长一些,往往超过10秒。

以上的这套教法,是VB的标准套路,很多书上及DVD****都有介绍。土豆片加盐是我独创,危险,别用,否则又有假道学说ABA不人道了。VB也是ABA,非常讲究无差错教学和零延迟辅助,楼主说的这四个方面也同样适用,只是“提要求训练”是一个特殊类别。


错误1很好理解,你想让孩子要求“水”,当然要让他看见“水”,用“水”来引诱他提要求。至少早期是这样。

错误2,3在一起,因为选择了“语言”作为反应形式,当小孩不说话时,你没有办法辅助(用手语和图片时则可以),当然更谈不上及时了。有一句话也是从楼主那里偷学来的,“没有辅助不训练”,这是教条,不敢违背。于是暂停训练,开始Pairing,这就是重复指令“uei”,把发音和强化物联系到一起,时间长了孩子就会喜欢这个音(强化转移?),喜欢了就愿意说它。

至于只重复三次,因为水还举在那里,孩子兴趣还很高,要保持这个兴趣,时间不能太长。3秒的停顿很重要,给孩子机会去捉摸,去发挥能动性,同时也练一下眼神。

重复三遍以后,孩子即使不反应,也把强化物给他。这是错误(4)吗?对负面行为进行强化,孩子会不会啥都不说,坐在那里等你重复三次然后就有水喝了?

答案是否定的。当一个小孩很想要一个东西的时候,他只想马上得到它,最好片刻也不要延迟。开始没有反应,也许他没有懂你的意图,或者正在找舌头;而且,要求说的音是在他的仿说能力之内的,一旦他意识到说“uei”马上就有水喝,他就不会不反应了。

当孩子掌握了一个“要求”后,尽快引入第二个,否则孩子可能什么都说“水”了。比方孩子爱喝啤酒,教Beer的同时,最好连带着把“花生米”也教了。

有一点需要澄清的是,教小孩说话最好开始就教正确的发音,小孩说得不准可以接受,大人还是要说正确的,为小孩听别人说话和将来准确地说打好基础。所以上文中把Shui 说成uei 是不恰当的,卖个破定而已。

****这里说的DVD:Teaching Verbal Behavior in the Natural Environment: Teaching Vocal Manding (Requesting)
http://www.establishingoperationsinc.com/shop.html



感谢楼主的总结,我一直是QBB的忠实读者,技术水准不用多说,为人境界也是须仰视才行。当然,她也有缺点,比如不信中医,不懂得欣赏书法和朦胧诗。

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作者: 老枪    时间: 2008-9-25 09:11
标题: re:教新的mand只是mand训练的一小部分...
教新的mand只是mand训练的一小部分,另外很多时间是用来创造机会,让孩子用他学会的mand来表达。日常生活里的随机训练不用多说,脑子里始终有根弦就是了。主要说一下有计划的强化训练。这里的mand主要用手语表达,这些手语都是简化了的,孩子周围的人能懂就行。训练的目标是争取一小时内mand数达到最多。两个clicker计数,一个是自发的mand(spontaneous,s),一个是辅助的mand(prompted,p)。假设小孩2岁,老师能举得起来。所用手语小孩已掌握。更多的强化物列表见本帖的39楼。

以下是训练中mand的品种,
up---食指或手向上
spin--手划圈
down--手指向下
水---三个手指指向下巴或用手拍一下下巴
纸---两手上下一拍
笔---手指在手心划一下。
开门,打开--双臂水平张开
开灯--单臂上举
关灯--单臂下拉
球--双手合拢
土豆片--手指在手背上划一下
羊奶---做添加赌品状
mmm---手指脸颊
杯子---单手做杯状
吸管--手放在嘴上做吮吸状







老师进入屋子,先和小孩热烈问候,从包里变出两气球,说:看,气球。交给孩子自由玩一会,自己挂好计数器。

走近小孩,获得他的注意力后,伸出一个手指往上指,同时说:up? 如果小孩不拒绝,马上把他举到空中。放下后再问:up?这次要求孩子手语,必要时辅助。(p)。举起后加一
个动作,旋转,并大叫,sssspin,略停,看孩子,给他主动mand的机会,孩子手划圈了,(s),sssspin。再停,再等。这一轮结束时赚到5p,2S。

孩子不再强烈要求时,问,down?老师同时示范手向下,孩子跟着做,让他下来。6p,2s。

跟孩子说,我们去画画。颜料摆好,等孩子mand。没动静的话,说,你要纸吗,孩子手上下一拍,(P);再等,孩子比划:笔。(S)。再等,如果3秒没反应,大人提示,水,(p)。然后让孩子在那里涂鸦。老师略喘口气。8p,3s。

孩子画画一团糟后,建议他,现在开始清汤(场),带他去洗手间。门当然是关着的,小孩双手一张,s,开灯,s,拧水龙头,关水龙头,关灯,p,擦手。9p,5s。

在附近的墙上,高高地挂着一小篮球框,建议他:投篮?并显示他篮球。孩子伸手时,要求他做“球”的手语,p,孩子会手上指,要求抱,s,抱起后,因为有段距离,孩子会要求近一点,手指篮筐,于是近点,投篮,yeah...反复几次,mand数增加至15p,7s

告诉他,该吃东西了,再去洗手,17p,8s。

桌上摆5样东西,切成5片的土豆片,盒装三元羊奶,若干mmm,一个空杯子,以及一根吸管。视兴趣让孩子一步一步地要,大人一点一点地给。这一轮大概能把mand数目增加到30p,12s的样子。

一看表,20分钟过去了。

接下来,可以玩一些玩具,吹泡泡,看电视,听歌,等等。如果纯粹的mand训练,一个小时100次(s+P)应该不是很难。

起步的时候,数目的要求要低一些,比如20-30/小时。在到后面,别的项目加进来,而且更追求完全自发的mand(s),数目也不会太高。

虽然数目很重要,但更重要的是要保持孩子的兴趣,不要过分的去逼他,也不是每个回合都要孩子做出要求的表示,经常性地也要把东西免费地给他。另外开始的时候不用强调目光的对视,这个东西慢慢来吧。
作者: 老枪    时间: 2008-9-25 09:34
标题: re:一本正经地写“教育”帖子不是件好玩的事情...
一本正经地写“教育”帖子不是件好玩的事情,好在终于写完了,赶紧找首冷森森的小调放松一下,胆小的千万别点。
http://www.youtube.com/v/jRMe5H9WKpM&hl=en&fs=1

作者: LittleKoala    时间: 2008-9-25 09:54
标题: re:很抱歉,这两天比较忙,强化物给得晚了点。...
很抱歉,这两天比较忙,强化物给得晚了点。不过现在还不算太晚:Well done! LQ。

有了你的贴子,总算对师出同们的VB有了新的认识,再次感谢!

期待Season 2,and......
作者: oy    时间: 2008-9-25 10:41
标题: re:非常感谢老枪。很好的资料!不知道你是...
非常感谢老枪。很好的资料!
不知道你是否是DC07的马甲,不管怎么样,我很感谢DC07(老枪?),因为当初来以琳还不久,问问题时他(她)在我的一个帖子里提到了ABLLS-R,"verbal behavior autism"。
第一次让我知道有这个“疗法”。看了一些大致训练思路,感觉这套方法还挺适合我的。不过自己没有花很多精力深究文献,很多时候是凭直觉率性而为。现在看你介绍的,看来还是需要多学一点理论,对拓宽自己的训练思路找具体点子又好处。
再次感谢!

作者: Ean妈妈    时间: 2008-9-25 13:47
标题: re:感谢考拉妈妈把我带来这里,看得我肃然起敬...
感谢考拉妈妈把我带来这里,看得我肃然起敬,终于见识了老枪的风采,又一个要研究的秘籍。真不想活了阿。
作者: 女儿是天使    时间: 2008-9-25 18:54
标题: re:老枪以后别再用马甲了吧,至少“教育”帖子...
老枪以后别再用马甲了吧,至少“教育”帖子就别用了,前些天我把DC07,5i52。。。的帖子猛一通查,累呀。Oy,我用生命担保,老枪就是DC07。
谢谢老枪啦!!留着好好学。
我们的ABA其实是ABA/VB,看了LQ的帖子,才明白了他们为什么那么强调PECS,并且PECS进度那么慢,那就是训练孩子在不同物品之间进行选择,提要求。换句话说,“我要”是次要的,不急,“水”是主要的!嘟嘟的配对是训练开始两个月之后做的,物体模仿也是两个月之后开始的,大动作模仿更是在八个月之后才开始。可惜我们的mand没有手语,只是PECS。谢谢老枪的手语字典,很有用!
记得老枪还是DC07回larryma的帖子说过,语音模仿和口型模仿、精细、大动作模仿之间没有那么大那么大那么大的必然的关联,也理解。
无差错教学、零延迟辅助、二八定律在ABA里也一样的,不是吗?还是因为我们的ABA含有了VB,才是这样的?还是没明白VB和ABA有什么本质区别呢?

作者: vincent    时间: 2008-9-25 20:37
标题: re:[QUOTE][B]下面引用由[U]老枪...
下面引用由[U]老枪[/U]发表的内容:

一本正经地写“教育”帖子不是件好玩的事情,好在终于写完了,赶紧找首冷森森的小调放松一下,胆小的千万别点。

真够阴森的了 - 典型NickCave的风格。配上KylieMinogue这个妖女(秋爸爸称她为吸血鬼的吧?),这两个澳洲男女在一起还蛮有点气氛。

越来越明白老枪了,整个就是NickCave坏种(The Bad Seeds), 阴冷、黑色、又有点颓废诗人的气质。

真想看看老枪是怎样教小枪的。


作者: 老枪    时间: 2008-9-26 08:52
标题: re:---55楼:还是没明白VB和ABA有什...
---55楼:还是没明白VB和ABA有什么本质区别呢?   
  
不知道下面这个会不会有帮助。为了方便天使BB阅读,特意翻译成了英文。这个采访者的三胞胎男孩都是自闭症,一个高功能,一个中等,一个重度。大家可以看到vincent对自闭症相关问题的基本看法,并领略他的太极功夫。
  
DR. VINCENT J. CARBONE - 30 YEARS OF ACHIEVEMENT
By R.L. Gaston - 4/28/2007

Dr. Vincent J. Carbone, keynote speaker for Autism Expo 2007, renowned for his emphasis on Verbal Behavior and has worked with children with disabilities for the past 30 years. He currently runs Carbone Clinic in Valley Cottage, New York which hosts prospective candidates for his workshops from around the world. His programs and lectures continue to be well received by many and his passion to continue helping families remains steadfast. I had the opportunity to ask him a few questions before the Expo.

RL Gaston
: What would you attribute the recent rise in numbers of autistic children being diagnosed today?

Dr. Vince Carbone: I am not a physician or epidemiologist and therefore my opinion on this topic is no better than that of the “person on the street”. From everything that I read and hear it appears that better screening and iagnosis plays at least a part in the higher rate of incidence. Beyond that it appears that most experts in his area speculate that a child’s genetic predisposition along with potential environmental insults and oxins might account for the rise in the number of identified cases.


RL Gaston
: You have been asked to educate and train several schools systems across the US, have you found that some school systems are willing to embrace VB as apposed to traditional ABA because of its approach?

Dr. Vince Carbone: The distinction between what people call “traditional ABA” and “VB” may not be a useful distinction and frequently leads to confusion among consumers and conflict in our field. A potentially more useful distinction is between ABA programs that include a behavior analysis of language through the application of B.F.Skinner’s analysis of verbal behavior and those that do not. Some practitioners who guide ABA programs for children with autism have been influenced by Skinner’s behavioral analysis of language and the empirical research that has followed while others have not.

ABA programs that make use of Skinner’s analysis of verbal behavior have been referred to by some as “VB Programs”. In fact, the focus of my keynote address here at this conference relates to the benefits of including a behavioral analysis of language to ABA programs. As the benefits of including Skinner’s analysis of language are acknowledged and recognized within our fi eld our consumers, e.g. parents, school districts, etc., are becoming aware of these outcomes and therefore are specifically requesting programs that incorporate this very important component of ABA.

RL Gaston: Some parent may have opted out of the educational system altogether and gone the home school route; do you feel (if done properly) that home schooling using a VB approach can offer more than a self-contained classroom?

Dr. Vince Carbone: I support and encourage the development of behavioral programs within the public school environment. The move to home programming for children with autism was mainly the result of parent dissatisfaction with the level of services their children were receiving. When schools provide effective behavioral services is it is the preferred educational setting for school age children with autism, in my opinion. Effective school programs provide a variety of activities, persons and settings which are important educational experiences that can not be duplicated easily in the home environment.
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Moreover, the extreme demands on parents of managing a home program can have negative effects on the entire family. Consequently, a focus of my work for many years has been to improve school programs so that parents do not feel the need to develop home programs that substitute for the school experiences of children with autism. I think in the long run for the majority of students our efforts to support and improve public education for children with autism will be the most important thing we can do.

RL Gaston
: Are there any Verbal Behavior schools (Private or Public) in the US? If so, where are they located?

Dr. Vince Carbone There are schools throughout the US that have developed ABA programs that incorporate a behavioral analysis of language. I would refer interested parties to the Yahoos Group Verbal Behavior List server on which parents have posted lists of schools of the type you mention. A review of the archives of this list server or a post on this topic will bring forth a list of schools and programs.

RL Gaston Families often fear that there is a ticking clock when it comes to helping their autistic child get services; do you feel that there is a specific age range that is optimal for learning or does it depend solely on the severity of the disorder?


Dr. Vince Carbone: It is clear that providing services at an early age leads to better outcomes. Certainly the severity of the disorder plays a role in the ultimate outcome. Given the fact that learning occurs at every age there is no reason to believe that services should be discontinued at a certain age or that learning can not occur after a certain point in development. There are limits that are determined by age in everyone’s development but too much emphasis upon artificially determined age limits can lead to a failure to provide effective services.

This question frequently is asked about the development of speech in children autism. The earlier speech develops clearly the better and there is a tendency for speech to develop earlier rather than later if it will develop at all. There are limits related to the individual as to whether or not speech will develop and when. Notwithstanding the learner variables there are behavioral procedures that have been demonstrated to support vocal responding in children with autism. In this area it is a delicate balance for practitioners to not abandon procedures to support vocal responding too soon while insuring that everyone realizes there may be some developmental limits related to the acquisition of this repertoire.

RL Gaston: For first time parents whom are just starting a VB program what do you suggest the fi rst steps are? And approximately how long once you’ve started a VB program might you see progress?


Dr. Vince Carbone
: One of the factors that may lead to the best outcome is a knowledgeable and skilled individual guiding the program. The background and skills of the person the school or parents choose will have an important effect on the long term outcome of the learner. One of the most important fi rst steps will be the selection of a competent consultant. I also encourage parents to develop their own knowledge base through reading and attending conferences and talking with other parents so that they become informed consumers.

Progress is a very individualized issue for children with autism. However, one of the first skills often taught within a behavioral language program is requesting or technically referred to as manding. This is a very important skill since it is one of the first social initiations of typical children as well as many children with autism. Parents will want to determine how much emphasis is placed on this skill since this will not always be the focus of some providers. Parents may want to use the development of this skill as a benchmark of initial progress since it is very common that you can see this skill begin to occur very quickly with many children with autism in properly designed programs.

RL Gaston What percentages of non-verbal children who use a VB program actually become verbal?


Dr. Vince Carbone
: There are no published studies that report the type of results your question is asking. Unfortunately a substantial portion of children with autism do not easily develop speaking as their form of communication. One of the goals of programs that emphasize language development is to support spoken communication through alternative methods of communication. The question might then best be answered by discussing what forms of alternative communication are most likely to support vocal production in children with developmental disabilities and autism.

There is some published work that has demonstrated that both manual sign language and Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) have led to improved vocal responding in children with autism. (See Millar, Light and Schlosser, 2006). Two studies have compared manual sign language to PECS related to vocal production and in both cases manual sign language was superior (Anderson, 2002; Tincani, 2004) Consequently, the outcome related to vocal production may at least be partially determined by the choice of alternative communication systems chosen and the intensity of services.

RL Gaston A lot of autistic children go undiagnosed until 8 or 9 years of age, since they already missed the early intervention years, what would you suggest for these parents to do?

Dr. Vince Carbone: As discussed above early appears to produce better outcomes compared to later intervention. Notwithstanding this fact, the recommendations for beginning treatment do not change substantially with differences in age. Despite age I recommend the placement of the children in an ABA program with special emphasis upon a behavioral analysis of language. In “older” children with few communication skills request or manding training would be the initial emphasis as it would be with younger children. While age appropriate activities are a consideration along with other age related factors, in general the application of behavior analytic procedures and emphasis upon social initiations seem important at any age.


RL Gaston
The Carbone Clinic in New York has a summer workshop; roughly how many people do you train there annually? What qualifi cations are necessary for those who may want to attend and pursue your program?

Dr. Vince Carbone: The information regarding our summer institute training is available on our website at
[U]www. carboneclinic.com[/U]. We limit our training to about 10-12 participants so that we might maintain an intensive and highly interactive training experience. During the 10 days of the summer institute training the participants receive behavioral instruction and have the opportunity to work with children with autism each day under the supervision of our staff. In this way we can shape the teaching repertoire of each of the participants through direct contact with students. We frequently have international participants from locations such as the Middle East, Greece, Europe and the United Kingdom.

RL Gaston What single thing would you contribute to being the success of Verbal Behavior?


Dr. Vince Carbone
: Skinner’s behavioral analysis of language has provided behavior analysts and teachers with a fi ner grain analysis of language that goes beyond the more common expressive/receptive language classifi cation system. As a result we are now aware of the differences between teaching words as labels (tacts) as opposed to requests (mands). In most programs guided by Skinner’s analysis we begin almost immediately by teaching expressive language in the form of requesting (manding). By doing this we may see an immediate increase in social initiations, communication attempts and a reduction in problem behavior. This may be the single most important contribution that a verbal behavior approach brings to the treatment of persons with autism.

RL Gaston
There are very few programs for adults with autism in the US; if services were offered to adults what would services should they be looking for?

Dr. Vince Carbone: Services to adults with autism should be guided by an assessment of individual learner needs as is the case with younger learners. Programs for adults might place greater emphasis upon independence, self-care, leisure activities and community involvement. However, many adult learners have not benefi ted from strong instruction in the area of communication mainly because it is thought that they have reached their potential in this area. This is not always true and therefore instruction in verbal behavior might well be an area of emphasis for adults as it is for children. Many of the problem behaviors that adult learners sometimes exhibit may be related to ineffective communication skills. Consequently, improved communication may lead to less restrictive placements and a reduction in the inappropriate use of psychotropic medications to reduce behaviors that are thought to be the symptoms of adult on-set mental illness.


RL Gaston
What does Dr. Carbone do for a hobby when your not travelling or speaking?

Dr. Vince Carbone: For most of my life I have been a sports enthusiast and have maintained a daily regimen of jogging and running to this day. My wife and I enjoy watching the New York Yankees and we enjoy live performances and therefore we are frequent theater-goers and visitors to Broadway performances. (看看,人家都是两口子一起去看的)
[/ALIGN]

作者: 老枪    时间: 2008-9-26 08:59
标题: re:谢谢各位鼓励,特别是老V的高度评价。Ni...
谢谢各位鼓励,特别是老V的高度评价。Nick Cave是我的偶像之一,很严肃的一个艺术家。我儿子有时候会在自己消遣的时候,拍着小手唱Nick 的另外一个著名小调:

Get down,get down,Henry Lee
Stay all night with me
...
作者: sxy    时间: 2008-9-26 09:06
标题: re:考拉妈如果有幸见到Nick,帮小枪讨个签...
考拉妈如果有幸见到Nick,帮小枪讨个签名照吧,最好不要阴森森的那种。
作者: LittleKoala    时间: 2008-9-26 09:24
标题: re:[QUOTE][b]下面引用由[u]sx...
下面引用由sxy发表的内容:
考拉妈如果有幸见到Nick,帮小枪讨个签名照吧,最好不要阴森森的那种。

信义妈,不是我不帮忙,可是真的很为难啊!这两个,Nick & Kylie都长住英格兰,记得有个搞笑节目说,Kylie Minogue听说自己是澳洲人,感觉十分震惊。

小枪要是十分想见偶像,请老枪带着直接从大西洋底穿过去就好了,那可比我们近多了。

附,如果有一天,QBB和Vincent到澳洲来,提Kylie可要小心,否则很多澳洲男人会站出来,后果很不利,据说她的演唱录像是男职员们上班下载最多的。

作者: vincent    时间: 2008-9-28 16:18
标题: re:[QUOTE][B]下面引用由[U]老枪...
下面引用由[U]老枪[/U]发表的内容:

谢谢各位鼓励,特别是老V的高度评价。Nick Cave是我的偶像之一,很严肃的一个艺术家。我儿子有时候会在自己消遣的时候,拍着小手唱Nick 的另外一个著名小调:

Get down,get do...


小枪还是蛮厉害的,欣赏那么复杂的情调。
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uHdNCHomHlU
看看底下的连接,怎么看不像Nick。
http://baike.baidu.com/view/1299632.html
作者: 女儿是天使    时间: 2008-9-28 19:41
标题: re:“为了方便天使BB阅读,特意翻译成了英文...
“为了方便天使BB阅读,特意翻译成了英文。”[EM05]谢谢。

“As a result we are now aware of the differences between teaching words as labels (tacts) as opposed to requests (mands). In most programs guided by Skinner’s analysis we begin almost immediately by teaching expressive language in the form of requesting (manding). ”请问老枪,VB怎么评价LABELS?我们一直有用PECS,但到现在都没有训练LABELS。奇怪。

“不像PECS在一堆图片里摸摸索索好半天。”顺手提醒一下用PECS训练的家长,恰当的方式是将图片分类,例如第一页零食,第二页午餐(晚餐),第三页饮料,第四页玩具。。。避免每次随心所欲的摆放图片。比较适合视觉和记忆力强的孩子。
作者: 老枪    时间: 2008-9-29 11:04
标题: re:GRGD, VB一般在小孩训练了一段时间...
GRGD, VB一般在小孩训练了一段时间mand之后(2-3个月),其他各项目也同时均衡地展开,其中包括label/tact。基本上是哪个方面弱,哪个方面用的功夫更多一些。根据ABLLS,大的方向主要有:
B visual performance
C receptive language
D imitaiton
E vocal imitation
F mand
G labeling
H intraverbal

天使MM的训练小组没有开展labeling,是不是因为用PECS的缘故?比如,我指着一个苹果的图片,问:这是什么?如果用手语,握拳在脸上碰一下,这是命名了;pecs,再找出一张苹果的图片放在那里,其实也是命名,但看着象配对,也许你们的头儿觉得不爽,就不教了。瞎猜。

不过intraverbal可以教,简单的形式是儿歌填空,象下面这个:

Rock-a-bye baby, in the ---  treetop(picture),
When the wind blows, ---the cradle (picture) ---- will rock,
When the bough breaks, the cradle will fall,
And down will come ----baby, cradle(picture) --- and all.


作者: 女儿是天使    时间: 2008-9-29 22:12
标题: re:还好,下周洛瓦斯的人来督查。洛瓦斯的话,...
还好,下周洛瓦斯的人来督查。洛瓦斯的话,头儿还是听得进的。
从上面的儿歌就看出来了,老枪的“阴冷、黑色、颓废”是表象而已,骨子里分明是个善良、温情、阳光的好爸爸。要不我怎么总觉得跟QHT是一个人呢。
作者: vincent    时间: 2008-9-30 12:49
标题: re:是啊,laoqiang肯定是个好人,不然...
是啊,laoqiang肯定是个好人,不然我等早就被他忽悠死了, heihei...
作者: 女儿是天使    时间: 2008-9-30 18:41
标题: re:不止是好人,还很害羞,一夸他就不露面了,...
不止是好人,还很害羞,一夸他就不露面了,heihei,[EM05]
扮酷[EM07]
作者: LittleKoala    时间: 2008-10-3 10:00
标题: re:最近也抽空看了VB的东西,觉得LQ直接从...
最近也抽空看了VB的东西,觉得LQ直接从中级阶段入手,忘了还有很多小朋友没开口或者刚开口。[EM09][EM11]

好象是说用VB,首先小孩得会仿说,得有一定基础(echoic repertoire),这个应该就是我翻译的Verbal imitation第二阶段的bringing vocalizations under temporal control吧?
作者: 老枪    时间: 2008-10-3 10:14
标题: re:---好象是说用VB,首先小孩得会仿说...
---好象是说用VB,首先小孩得会仿说

不是的,不会仿说用手语就行了。49楼用的刚好是有点仿说基础的例子,如果是教手语,大同小异,辅助需要及时一点。50楼用的是手语的例子,换成说话也可以的。


作者: LittleKoala    时间: 2008-10-3 10:28
标题: re:谢谢老枪的再提示。看东西不够仔细,检讨!...
谢谢老枪的再提示。看东西不够仔细,检讨![EM03]

儿子已经开口,就不打算再教手语了。不过,用过PECS,感觉是不太好,虽然儿子用得不错,但没觉得促进了他交流的愿望,因为他原来的愿望就不差。

我是真的觉得,他学会了用计算机,特别是一天到晚看Starfall的软件,对促进他的开口很有帮助。
作者: 在今天    时间: 2009-4-16 15:10
标题: re:这个帖子很有用啊,谢谢。
这个帖子很有用啊,谢谢。




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