Moreover, the extreme demands on parents of managing a home program can have negative effects on the entire family. Consequently, a focus of my work for many years has been to improve school programs so that parents do not feel the need to develop home programs that substitute for the school experiences of children with autism. I think in the long run for the majority of students our efforts to support and improve public education for children with autism will be the most important thing we can do.
RL Gaston: Are there any Verbal Behavior schools (Private or Public) in the US? If so, where are they located?
Dr. Vince Carbone There are schools throughout the US that have developed ABA programs that incorporate a behavioral analysis of language. I would refer interested parties to the Yahoos Group Verbal Behavior List server on which parents have posted lists of schools of the type you mention. A review of the archives of this list server or a post on this topic will bring forth a list of schools and programs.
RL Gaston Families often fear that there is a ticking clock when it comes to helping their autistic child get services; do you feel that there is a specific age range that is optimal for learning or does it depend solely on the severity of the disorder?
Dr. Vince Carbone: It is clear that providing services at an early age leads to better outcomes. Certainly the severity of the disorder plays a role in the ultimate outcome. Given the fact that learning occurs at every age there is no reason to believe that services should be discontinued at a certain age or that learning can not occur after a certain point in development. There are limits that are determined by age in everyone’s development but too much emphasis upon artificially determined age limits can lead to a failure to provide effective services.
This question frequently is asked about the development of speech in children autism. The earlier speech develops clearly the better and there is a tendency for speech to develop earlier rather than later if it will develop at all. There are limits related to the individual as to whether or not speech will develop and when. Notwithstanding the learner variables there are behavioral procedures that have been demonstrated to support vocal responding in children with autism. In this area it is a delicate balance for practitioners to not abandon procedures to support vocal responding too soon while insuring that everyone realizes there may be some developmental limits related to the acquisition of this repertoire.
RL Gaston: For first time parents whom are just starting a VB program what do you suggest the fi rst steps are? And approximately how long once you’ve started a VB program might you see progress?
Dr. Vince Carbone: One of the factors that may lead to the best outcome is a knowledgeable and skilled individual guiding the program. The background and skills of the person the school or parents choose will have an important effect on the long term outcome of the learner. One of the most important fi rst steps will be the selection of a competent consultant. I also encourage parents to develop their own knowledge base through reading and attending conferences and talking with other parents so that they become informed consumers.
Progress is a very individualized issue for children with autism. However, one of the first skills often taught within a behavioral language program is requesting or technically referred to as manding. This is a very important skill since it is one of the first social initiations of typical children as well as many children with autism. Parents will want to determine how much emphasis is placed on this skill since this will not always be the focus of some providers. Parents may want to use the development of this skill as a benchmark of initial progress since it is very common that you can see this skill begin to occur very quickly with many children with autism in properly designed programs.
RL Gaston What percentages of non-verbal children who use a VB program actually become verbal?
Dr. Vince Carbone: There are no published studies that report the type of results your question is asking. Unfortunately a substantial portion of children with autism do not easily develop speaking as their form of communication. One of the goals of programs that emphasize language development is to support spoken communication through alternative methods of communication. The question might then best be answered by discussing what forms of alternative communication are most likely to support vocal production in children with developmental disabilities and autism.
There is some published work that has demonstrated that both manual sign language and Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) have led to improved vocal responding in children with autism. (See Millar, Light and Schlosser, 2006). Two studies have compared manual sign language to PECS related to vocal production and in both cases manual sign language was superior (Anderson, 2002; Tincani, 2004) Consequently, the outcome related to vocal production may at least be partially determined by the choice of alternative communication systems chosen and the intensity of services.
RL Gaston A lot of autistic children go undiagnosed until 8 or 9 years of age, since they already missed the early intervention years, what would you suggest for these parents to do?
Dr. Vince Carbone: As discussed above early appears to produce better outcomes compared to later intervention. Notwithstanding this fact, the recommendations for beginning treatment do not change substantially with differences in age. Despite age I recommend the placement of the children in an ABA program with special emphasis upon a behavioral analysis of language. In “older” children with few communication skills request or manding training would be the initial emphasis as it would be with younger children. While age appropriate activities are a consideration along with other age related factors, in general the application of behavior analytic procedures and emphasis upon social initiations seem important at any age.
RL Gaston The Carbone Clinic in New York has a summer workshop; roughly how many people do you train there annually? What qualifi cations are necessary for those who may want to attend and pursue your program?
Dr. Vince Carbone: The information regarding our summer institute training is available on our website at [U]www. carboneclinic.com[/U]. We limit our training to about 10-12 participants so that we might maintain an intensive and highly interactive training experience. During the 10 days of the summer institute training the participants receive behavioral instruction and have the opportunity to work with children with autism each day under the supervision of our staff. In this way we can shape the teaching repertoire of each of the participants through direct contact with students. We frequently have international participants from locations such as the Middle East, Greece, Europe and the United Kingdom.
RL Gaston What single thing would you contribute to being the success of Verbal Behavior?
Dr. Vince Carbone: Skinner’s behavioral analysis of language has provided behavior analysts and teachers with a fi ner grain analysis of language that goes beyond the more common expressive/receptive language classifi cation system. As a result we are now aware of the differences between teaching words as labels (tacts) as opposed to requests (mands). In most programs guided by Skinner’s analysis we begin almost immediately by teaching expressive language in the form of requesting (manding). By doing this we may see an immediate increase in social initiations, communication attempts and a reduction in problem behavior. This may be the single most important contribution that a verbal behavior approach brings to the treatment of persons with autism.
RL Gaston There are very few programs for adults with autism in the US; if services were offered to adults what would services should they be looking for?
Dr. Vince Carbone: Services to adults with autism should be guided by an assessment of individual learner needs as is the case with younger learners. Programs for adults might place greater emphasis upon independence, self-care, leisure activities and community involvement. However, many adult learners have not benefi ted from strong instruction in the area of communication mainly because it is thought that they have reached their potential in this area. This is not always true and therefore instruction in verbal behavior might well be an area of emphasis for adults as it is for children. Many of the problem behaviors that adult learners sometimes exhibit may be related to ineffective communication skills. Consequently, improved communication may lead to less restrictive placements and a reduction in the inappropriate use of psychotropic medications to reduce behaviors that are thought to be the symptoms of adult on-set mental illness.
RL Gaston What does Dr. Carbone do for a hobby when your not travelling or speaking?
Dr. Vince Carbone: For most of my life I have been a sports enthusiast and have maintained a daily regimen of jogging and running to this day. My wife and I enjoy watching the New York Yankees and we enjoy live performances and therefore we are frequent theater-goers and visitors to Broadway performances. (看看,人家都是两口子一起去看的)
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作者: 老枪
时间: 2008-9-26 08:59
标题: re:谢谢各位鼓励,特别是老V的高度评价。Ni...
谢谢各位鼓励,特别是老V的高度评价。Nick Cave是我的偶像之一,很严肃的一个艺术家。我儿子有时候会在自己消遣的时候,拍着小手唱Nick 的另外一个著名小调:
Get down,get down,Henry Lee
Stay all night with me
...
作者: sxy
时间: 2008-9-26 09:06
标题: re:考拉妈如果有幸见到Nick,帮小枪讨个签...
考拉妈如果有幸见到Nick,帮小枪讨个签名照吧,最好不要阴森森的那种。
作者: LittleKoala
时间: 2008-9-26 09:24
标题: re:[QUOTE][b]下面引用由[u]sx...
下面引用由sxy发表的内容:
考拉妈如果有幸见到Nick,帮小枪讨个签名照吧,最好不要阴森森的那种。
信义妈,不是我不帮忙,可是真的很为难啊!这两个,Nick & Kylie都长住英格兰,记得有个搞笑节目说,Kylie Minogue听说自己是澳洲人,感觉十分震惊。
小枪要是十分想见偶像,请老枪带着直接从大西洋底穿过去就好了,那可比我们近多了。
附,如果有一天,QBB和Vincent到澳洲来,提Kylie可要小心,否则很多澳洲男人会站出来,后果很不利,据说她的演唱录像是男职员们上班下载最多的。
作者: vincent
时间: 2008-9-28 16:18
标题: re:[QUOTE][B]下面引用由[U]老枪...
下面引用由[U]老枪[/U]发表的内容:
谢谢各位鼓励,特别是老V的高度评价。Nick Cave是我的偶像之一,很严肃的一个艺术家。我儿子有时候会在自己消遣的时候,拍着小手唱Nick 的另外一个著名小调:
Get down,get do...
小枪还是蛮厉害的,欣赏那么复杂的情调。
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uHdNCHomHlU
看看底下的连接,怎么看不像Nick。
http://baike.baidu.com/view/1299632.html
作者: 女儿是天使
时间: 2008-9-28 19:41
标题: re:“为了方便天使BB阅读,特意翻译成了英文...
“为了方便天使BB阅读,特意翻译成了英文。”[EM05]谢谢。
“As a result we are now aware of the differences between teaching words as labels (tacts) as opposed to requests (mands). In most programs guided by Skinner’s analysis we begin almost immediately by teaching expressive language in the form of requesting (manding). ”请问老枪,VB怎么评价LABELS?我们一直有用PECS,但到现在都没有训练LABELS。奇怪。
“不像PECS在一堆图片里摸摸索索好半天。”顺手提醒一下用PECS训练的家长,恰当的方式是将图片分类,例如第一页零食,第二页午餐(晚餐),第三页饮料,第四页玩具。。。避免每次随心所欲的摆放图片。比较适合视觉和记忆力强的孩子。
作者: 老枪
时间: 2008-9-29 11:04
标题: re:GRGD, VB一般在小孩训练了一段时间...
GRGD, VB一般在小孩训练了一段时间mand之后(2-3个月),其他各项目也同时均衡地展开,其中包括label/tact。基本上是哪个方面弱,哪个方面用的功夫更多一些。根据ABLLS,大的方向主要有:
B visual performance
C receptive language
D imitaiton
E vocal imitation
F mand
G labeling
H intraverbal
天使MM的训练小组没有开展labeling,是不是因为用PECS的缘故?比如,我指着一个苹果的图片,问:这是什么?如果用手语,握拳在脸上碰一下,这是命名了;pecs,再找出一张苹果的图片放在那里,其实也是命名,但看着象配对,也许你们的头儿觉得不爽,就不教了。瞎猜。
不过intraverbal可以教,简单的形式是儿歌填空,象下面这个:
Rock-a-bye baby, in the ---
treetop(picture),
When the wind blows, ---
the cradle (picture) ---- will rock,
When the bough breaks, the cradle will fall,
And down will come ----
baby, cradle(picture) --- and all.
作者: 女儿是天使
时间: 2008-9-29 22:12
标题: re:还好,下周洛瓦斯的人来督查。洛瓦斯的话,...
还好,下周洛瓦斯的人来督查。洛瓦斯的话,头儿还是听得进的。
从上面的儿歌就看出来了,老枪的“阴冷、黑色、颓废”是表象而已,骨子里分明是个善良、温情、阳光的好爸爸。要不我怎么总觉得跟QHT是一个人呢。
作者: vincent
时间: 2008-9-30 12:49
标题: re:是啊,laoqiang肯定是个好人,不然...
是啊,laoqiang肯定是个好人,不然我等早就被他忽悠死了, heihei...
作者: 女儿是天使
时间: 2008-9-30 18:41
标题: re:不止是好人,还很害羞,一夸他就不露面了,...
不止是好人,还很害羞,一夸他就不露面了,heihei,[EM05]
扮酷[EM07]
作者: LittleKoala
时间: 2008-10-3 10:00
标题: re:最近也抽空看了VB的东西,觉得LQ直接从...
最近也抽空看了VB的东西,觉得LQ直接从中级阶段入手,忘了还有很多小朋友没开口或者刚开口。[EM09][EM11]
好象是说用VB,首先小孩得会仿说,得有一定基础(echoic repertoire),这个应该就是我翻译的Verbal imitation第二阶段的bringing vocalizations under temporal control吧?
作者: 老枪
时间: 2008-10-3 10:14
标题: re:---好象是说用VB,首先小孩得会仿说...
---好象是说用VB,首先小孩得会仿说
不是的,不会仿说用手语就行了。49楼用的刚好是有点仿说基础的例子,如果是教手语,大同小异,辅助需要及时一点。50楼用的是手语的例子,换成说话也可以的。
作者: LittleKoala
时间: 2008-10-3 10:28
标题: re:谢谢老枪的再提示。看东西不够仔细,检讨!...
谢谢老枪的再提示。看东西不够仔细,检讨![EM03]
儿子已经开口,就不打算再教手语了。不过,用过PECS,感觉是不太好,虽然儿子用得不错,但没觉得促进了他交流的愿望,因为他原来的愿望就不差。
我是真的觉得,他学会了用计算机,特别是一天到晚看Starfall的软件,对促进他的开口很有帮助。
作者: 在今天
时间: 2009-4-16 15:10
标题: re:这个帖子很有用啊,谢谢。
这个帖子很有用啊,谢谢。
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